Browsing by Subject "extraction"
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(2012)This thesis is constructed as a part of a larger research project aiming to increase understanding of polyketone reductases (PKR) and develop applications from them. PKRs are enzymes in biosynthetic pathways leading to several aromatic secondary metabolites in plants. The previous work in the research group has led to establishment of several callus cultures from plants belonging to the genus Rubus in the family Rosaceae. The aim in the experimental part of this thesis is the identification and semi-quantitation of raspberry ketone (RK) and related aromatics in the cell suspension cultures initiated from the previously established callus cultures. RK is biosynthetically produced by reduction of p-hydroxybenzalacetone (p-OH-BA) by benzalacetone reductase (BAR). As a part of the experimental work, p-OH-BA has to be chemically synthetized and analysed. Special emphasis is placed to experiment, develop and validate an extraction method for phenolic compounds using ASE 200 working station. In the review part of this thesis, the basic procedures of chemical analysis are described, optimization and validation of analytical methods are discussed, and lastly studies related to raspberry ketone (RK) are summarized. The detection limit is 0.73 µg/ml for RK with the established UPLC-UV method, and the quantitation limit (QL) is 2.22 µg/ml. At the QL, the standard deviation of the extraction method is 8.9 % and the results are 6.4 % higher than expected. At the high end of the standard curve the extraction results are 18.7 % higher than expected. Some changes are proposed to optimize the method. Analysis of the cell line extracts with the established UPLC-UV method did not readily reveal any of the studied compounds. Although the interpretation of the results of the MS experiment is still underway, RK was detected from the arctic bramble cell line Ra15. Also, a possible derivative of zingerone was detected from cloudberry cell line extract even without the corresponding standard compound. This shows the power of the MS in metabolite profiling, and gives a course for future studies.
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(2013)Rhazya stricta Decne. is a small evergreen shrub belonging to the Apocynaceae family. The plant grows in South Asia and the Middle East, and in these areas it is used in traditional medicine. All parts of the plant are used in different preparations for a variety of purposes such as infections, bowel diseases, itching and diabetes. R. stricta synthesizes about a hundred different alkaloids, of which only a fraction has been studied closer. Some of the analyzed alkaloids have showed some interesting pharmacological properties such as antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. Because it is often both economically and ecologically unsustainable to cultivate or to collect large amounts of medicinal plants from nature, cell cultures have been developed from plants. The properties and synthesized substances of the cell cultures can be analysed and modified in laboratories. In the experimental part of this work, a system was developed for alkaloid extraction, fractionation and isolation from dried cell material from cultured R. stricta hairy root-cells. The goal was to develop a functioning system that eventually enables identification of the alkaloids synthesized by the cultured cells under given conditions. Alkaloids were extracted from 26 g of dried and ground cell mass. The fractionation of the alkaloids was performed with medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) and the fractions were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The alkaloids were purified by horizontal TLC and preparative HPLC. Ion-pair chromatography was used for analyzing the extract, fractions and purified alkaloids. Five components from two fractions were eventually isolated. One of the components was tentatively identified as vincanine, but further analyzes have to be performed to identify all components reliably. In total, hairy root-cells seem to synthesize approximately 20 alkaloids with variable polarity.
Now showing items 1-2 of 2