Browsing by Subject "lääkekehitys"
Now showing items 1-9 of 9
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(2017)In vitro liver cell models are important systems to study for example hepatotoxicity, which is one of the major causes for safety-related failures of drug candidates. 2D cell culture-based tests for compound screening are standard procedures in drug discovery, but reliable data for in vivo studies is hard to obtain because cells in a monolayer are in unnatural microenvironment. In turn, cells in 3D culture systems have more natural interactions with other cells and extracellular matrix, and their responses to drugs resemble more in vivo responses. In drug discovery and development, automation of the cell culture processes and compound screening saves time and costs, and improves the consistency and sterility of the procedures. As 3D cell culture systems are becoming more compatible with automation, they are also more promising to be used in drug discovery and development. The aim of the study was to develop and optimize automated processes for preparing 3D cell cultures into 96-well plates. HepG2, a human liver cancer cell line, cultures in nanofibrillar cellulose were prepared into well plates manually or by using automated liquid handling system. To our knowledge, this was the first time that automated processes for cell seeding into NFC were used to prepare 3D cell cultures. Cell seeding steps that could be automated were identified and optimized based on visual analysis of the wells and viability of the cells after seeding. After optimization, manual and automated processes were compared by studying cell viability, morphology and functionality. Alamar blue assay, Live/Dead assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting were used to study cell viability, and F-actin staining, differential interference contrast microscopy and light microscopy were used to investigate cell morphology. Cell functionality was analyzed by studying albumin secretion. Cells seeded by using automation secreted normal amounts of liver-specific albumin. Cells maintained viability, morphology and functionality for four days after seeding although the results of viability varied. Alamar blue assays showed decreased development of viability although viability of manually seeded cells increased, but in other experiments the results from cultures seeded manually or by using automation were more similar. For example, lower viscosity of nanofibrillar cellulose and longer waiting time of cells at room temperature before automated processes are possible explanations for differences, as well as the natural variability in cell studies. In the future, automated high-throughput screening of compounds could be performed in 3D cell cultures prepared by using automation. That would save time and costs, and increase the correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies.
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(2016)Chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular bacterium that causes a variety of respiratory infections to humans such as pneumonia and bronchitis. In addition C. pneumoniae -infection has been associated with multiple chronic diseases of which the most important are atherosclerosis and vascular diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and different kinds of neurological disorders. C. pneumoniae is a very common pathogen that has the ability to hide in the system in a persistent chronic form out of reach of the immune defences. C. pneumoniae has been shown to infect many other cell types besides bronchial epithelial cells. These cells include monocytes, macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. C. pneumoniae induces the secretion of different kinds of cytokines and cell signalling molecules and the expression of adhesion molecules in all of these cell types. Too strong cytokine and immune response is detrimental to cells and to whole system. Currently available antibiotics aren't effective enough against C. pneumoniae -infection, especially against its chronic form. Furthermore, the lack of effective anti-chlamydial drugs impairs the research of the association between C. pneumoniae and chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of anti-chlamydial compounds on the release of cytokines and cell signaling molecule, nitric oxide, induced by C. pneumoniae -infection in different cell types. These anti-chlamydial compounds are currently under the investigation in the faculty of pharmacy. In addition the anti-inflammatory properties of the compounds were further investigated with the help of lipopolysaccharide of another gram-negative bacterium E. coli. The groups of compounds investigated in this study were β2,2-amino acid derivatives, Schisandra chinensis -lignans, TE-compounds synthesized in Vienna and benzimidazole compounds synthesized in the faculty of pharmacy. There were four cell types used in this study, HL- and BEAS-2B-epithelial cells, THP-1-monocytes/macrophages and RAW264.7-macrophages. The study focused on the determination of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF and interleukins IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12. The concentrations of cytokines in the cell medium were measured after infection using ELISA-method. Nitric oxide measurements were also determined from the medium using Griess' reagent. Immunofluorescence labeling was used to confirm the infection and the infection was verified by fluorescence microscope. In addition some of the compounds were tested for the cell viability using resazurin assay. All the groups of compounds showed desired effects on the release of cytokines and nitric oxide. Especially β2,2-amino acid derivatives reduced clearly the release of both cytokines and nitric oxide. β2,2-amino acid derivatives could thus be potential drug candidates for the development of anti-chlamydial and anti-inflammatory drugs. Schisandra chinensis -lignans inhibited especially the release of nitric oxide in both C. pneumoniae -infected and LPS-stimulated cells which may tell about their broad anti-inflammatory properties. There were also found desired results with TE-compounds and benzimidazole compounds. Interleukins were not secreted by any of the studied cells so that part needs more research and further investigation. Based on the results found in this study it can be concluded that the studied compounds could be potential lead compounds in the discovery of anti-chlamydial drugs and drugs that specifically inhibit C. pneumoniae -infection. Further research is needed concerning the effects of these compounds on cytokines and especially on chronic infection.
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(2018)We have developed a software for homology modelling by satisfaction of distance restraints using MODELLER back-end. The protocols used extend exploration of distance restraints and conformational space. We drive the models in optimization cycle towards better structures as assessed by the used metrics on DOPE score, retrospective distance restraint realization and others. Hydrogen bond networks are optimized for their size and connectivity density. The performance of the method is evaluated for its ability to reconstruct GPCR structures and an extracellular loop 2. The software is written in object-oriented Python (v.2.7) and supports easy extension with additional modules. We built a relational PostgreSQL database for the restraints to allow for data-driven machine and deep learning applications. An important part of the work was the visualization of the distance restraints with custom PyMOL scripts for three-dimensional viewing. Additionally, we automatically generate a plethora of diagnostic plots for assessing the performance of the modelling protocols. The software utilizes parallelism and is computationally practical with compute requirements on an order of magnitude lower than those typically seen in molecular dynamics simulations. The main challenges left to be solved is the evaluation of restraint goodness, assigning secondary structures, restraint interconditioning, and water and ligand placement.
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(2012)Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have two unique properties: the self-renewal capacity and the broad developmental potential. They both have their advantages and disadvantages, but the current perception is that hESCs and hiPSCs complement rather than replace each other. New scientific problems and ethical challenges will arise because stem cell research is developing rapidly. The potential of hiPSC and hESC technologies in drug discovery is tremendous. The human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cells have a potential to replace a part of the current preclinical toxicity and efficacy screening tests and to prevent misrouted drug development and use for lead optimization at phases before clinical trials. The hPSC-based disease models can also narrow the gap between traditional animal models and clinical trials. One major challenge is the differentiation process of hPSCs into cells of the relevant tissue. The recent study of our laboratory shows that the liver cell-deried acellular matrix (ACM) promotes the hepatic commitment of hESCs. To create chemically defined, xeno-free and feeder-free culture matrices for the differentiation of the hESCs into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), the ECM components of the ACM were characterized. The results suggest that the ACM contains fibronectin, laminins. After the characterization, the object was to identify which of the ECM proteins are essential and effective in the differentiation. A three-step differentiation protocol with differenent ECM protein solutions was used to produce HLCs. The hESCs were first induced into definitive endoderm (DE) cells. The DE cells were committed to the bipotential hepatic progenitors positive for HNF4α and AFP. Finally the progenitors were differentiated into HLCs. The mRNA expression of albumin, CK8, CK18, AAT, and BCRP was increased in HLCs. All the derived HLCs were albumin positive. The hESCderived HLCs showed hepatic morphology, cytoplasmic vacuole characteristics, and functional albumin secretion. The chemically defined matrices showed a supportive role in the differentiation of the hESCs into HLCs. This study establishes an efficient, chemically defined, xeno-free system to produce HLCs as a cell source for pharmaceutical and developmental studies.
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(2015)Susceptibility to antibiotics is constantly developing in bacteria due to selection pressure caused by use of antibiotics. For this reason, finding new antimicrobial substances is imperative. High-throughput screening (HTS) is an important tool to find new active substances. The need to analyse as many substances in as small time as possible is emphasised in modern drug development. Robust methods, suitable for fast throughput of substances, miniaturisation and automation, are particularly useful. In the context of antimicrobial screening, methods utilising bioluminescence can correspond this need, and genetic engineering can help in developing bacterial strains with beneficial features for screening. In this work, two screening methods were developed and optimised using genetically engineered Escherichia coli strains. The screening methods make use of the bioluminescent properties of the strains, and the methods can be used to screen compound libraries for antimicrobials rapidly enough to approach HTS. The strain E. coli WZM120/pCGLS 11 is constitutively luminescent, so weakening of luminescence means the cell viability weakens. The strain E. coli K12/pCSS305, where luminescence is produced by a heat-inducible runaway plasmid, can be used to especially detect compounds inhibiting DNA replication. In developing the method, workflow was optimised and conditions were validated so as to enable possible HTS campaigns. The target was to create as simple, fast and reproducible a method as possible. The Z' values calculated in assessing the performance are excellent for a cell-based method. The signal is readily distinguishable, the bacterial strains are in a stable manner, and the method is well reproducible. It is possible to continue assay development from 96-well format to 384-well format.
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(2018)During and after myocardial infarction, millions to a billion cells die off. Scar tissue formed by fibroblasts replaces the injured myocardium during recovery. While the newly formed tissue is durable and prevents rupture of the heart, it doesn´t contribute to pump function. Depending on the extent of cardiomyocyte loss, the remaining functional myocardium get strained. Adult mammalian heart has inadequate capacity to regenerate after such injury. In case of sustained substantial increase in workload, the compensatory mechanisms turn into pathological processes including excessive fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis. The progressive decline of hearts contractile function results in heart failure (HF). Current drug treatments for managing HF aim to prevent progression of the disease and relieve symptoms. ACE inhibitors, beta blockers and diuretics are effective along with healthy lifestyle. No practical treatments are available to restore cardiac function yet. Human myocardium normally regenerates, but only 1% or less of myocytes get replaced yearly. Heart’s resident stem/progenitor cells (CPCs) likely play a role in the turnover. The aim of this study was to develop a screening method to identify small molecules that possibly promote differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells to cardiomyocytes. Cell population differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) was used as a model for CPCs. Directed differentiation protocol of mESCs used here promotes commitment to cells of cardiac mesoderm, part of which will further differentiate to cardiac progenitors. The resulting population at day 6 is heterogenous but many of these cells are progenitors that turn into cardiomyocytes (CMs) by day 8. 10 000 cells per well are plated on 384 well plates at day 5. Test compounds are added at day 6 and removed day 8 for effect in progenitors and day 7-9 for effect in early cardiomyocytes. 0,1% DMSO is used as vehicle and Wnt pathway inhibitor XAV939 as positive control. The effects are quantified with plate reader on day 9. E14 derived mESC reporter line was used. Myl2v-eGFP + SMyHC3-RFP double reporter line allows the specific identification of ventricular CMs with green fluorescence and atrial CMs with red fluorescence. Plate reader measures the total fluorescence of the wells at 485/520nm on day 9, which is used as a readout for ventricular CMs. The fluorescence intensity depends on the amount of GFP+ cells but also on the level of Myl2v expression. Atrial CMs could be quantified similarly but the population doesn´t contain enough RFP+ cells. The assay was shown to reliably point out ‘hits’ that have a strong effect. Any compounds that only produce a moderate effect could be a false negative, however. The effect on cardiac progenitors could likely be increased by simply adding the compounds earlier on day 5. Variability of key reagents causes the main technical troubles through unpredictably affecting cytokine concentrations which decreases the amount of cardiac progenitors. Partially similar screening assays are being used by the big pharma where they cryopreserve progenitors in bulk for later use, thus simplifying and speeding up their method. Same approach could be adopted.
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(2017)Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is defined as an increase in left ventricular mass. It is initially a coping mechanism by which the heart tries to compensate for the increase in load caused by, for example, hypertension, but it will eventually lead to heart failure. LVH is the result of primarily an increase in cardiac myocyte size, in addition to increased apoptosis and necrosis of cardiac myocytes and fibrosis. Current treatment of LVH is based on a treatment of suspected cause, generally hypertension. Antihypertensive medication has been found to have beneficial effects on LVH. However, antihypertensive drugs can not cure LVH completely, hence other treatment options are needed. To identify new possible drug targets, it is important to increase the inadequate knowledge of the mechanisms and signal transduction pathways mediating LVH. The most relevant stimuli causing hypertrophy are considered to be mechanical stretch, as well as some humoral mediators such as angiotensin II and endothelin 1 (ET-1), to which cardiomyocytes respond through activation of several intracellular signal transduction pathways. As a result, cardiomyocyte gene expression and protein synthesis increase and sarcomeres grow and rearrange, resulting in an increase in cell size. In addition, regulation of calcium, contractile function and energy metabolism of cardiac myocytes change. Numerous intracellular signal mediators interact with each other and can compensate for each other, making it difficult to investigate the significance of individual factors. As important signal mediators are considered to include protein kinase C (PKC) and cardiac transcription factors GATA4 and NKX2-5. In vitro studies of cardiac hypertrophy are usually performed with primary cardiac myocytes isolated from the ventricles of neonatal rats. The H9c2 continuous cell line has been used in some studies as an alternative cell model to reduce the use of laboratory animals. In the experimental part of this thesis, the suitability of H9c2 cells for hypertrophy studies was examined by comparing them to primary cardiac myocytes. In addition, experimental compounds targeted to cardiac transcription factors and PKC were studied by exploring their effects on viability and hypertrophic responses of H9c2 cells and primary cardiac myocytes. The toxicity of the compounds and the effects on cell viability were studied using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The hypertrophy responses to cyclic mechanical stretch and ET-1 were primarily assessed by measuring the surface area of cells from fluorescence microscopy images. In addition, the relative expression levels of Nppa and Nppb genes in ET-1 stimulated primary cardiac myocytes were studied by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Both stretching and ET-1 caused an increase in the cell surface area in primary cardiac myocytes but not in H9c2 cells. On this basis, the H9c2 cells respond differently to hypertrophic stimuli than primary cardiac myocytes, and the suitability of H9c2 cell line to hypertrophy studies can therefore be questioned. The compounds targeted to cardiac transcription factors were not cytotoxic at 1-30 µM concentrations, but they also had no significant effect on the hypertrophic responses. In contrast, the PKC compound HMI-1a3 at 30 µM was toxic to primary cardiac myocytes and HMI-1b11 at 30 µM was toxic to H9c2 cells. HMI-1b11 and bryostatin-1 also induced changes in the hypertrophic responses of primary cardiac myocytes, but the significance of these results requires further investigation.
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(2016)Heart failure is a major public health problem and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The most common cause of heart failure is myocardial infarction. Following a myocardial infarction, a large number of cardiomyocytes die and cardiac muscle is replaced by fibrotic scar tissue. Since the adult heart has inadequate endogenous regenerative capacity, loss of muscle tissue often causes a progressive decrease in cardiac function eventually leading to heart failure. At the moment heart transplantation is the only curative treatment for heart failure, but the low number of donor hearts is limiting the use of this treatment option. As current drugs only slow down the progression of the disease, there is a great need for new regenerative treatments. Direct cardiac reprogramming is a new approach for generating cardiomyocytes for cardiac regeneration. Unlike pluripotent stem cell-based strategies, direct reprogramming enables conversion of a terminally differentiated cell type directly into another cell type without first producing a pluripotent intermediate. Due to their abundancy and role in the repair of myocardial injury, fibroblasts represent an attractive starting cell type for direct cardiac reprogramming. Fibroblasts have been directly reprogrammed to induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) by overexpression of key cardiac transcription factors, microRNAs (miRNA) or by modulating specific signal transduction pathways with small-molecule compounds. Despite successful reports of direct reprogramming both in vitro and in vivo, the efficiency of direct reprogramming remains, however, too low for potential clinical applications. The aim of this M.Sc. thesis work was to establish direct reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to iCMs by viral overexpression of cardiac transcription factors Hand2 (H), Nkx2.5 (N) Gata4 (G), Mef2c (M) and Tbx5 (T) and a small-molecule compound screening platform for identifying small-molecule compounds that could enhance the reprogramming efficiency and potentially replace cardiac transcription factors in direct cardiac reprogramming. In accordance with previous publications MEFs were successfully directly reprogrammed to iCMs using both HGMT and HNGMT cardiac transcription factor combinations. The screening platform was tested using the TGF-β inhibitor SB431542, which has recently been reported to increase the cardiac reprogramming efficiency. In line with previous publications, the reprogramming efficiency was significantly increased by treatment with SB431542. Initial tests with other small-molecule compounds did not have a positive effect on the reprogramming efficiency. The results of this M.Sc. thesis work verify previous publications and demonstrate a method for in vitro small-molecule compound screening, which can be used to identify compounds that increase the reprogramming efficiency in direct cardiac reprogramming. However, the results shown here are only preliminary and more replicates are needed in order to confirm the current results. Nonetheless, the results of this thesis work set a foundation for finding small-molecule compounds that in the future might be used to target direct cardiac reprogramming as a regenerative therapy for myocardial infarction and heart failure.
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(2014)Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a vertebrate model organism. It is suited for many phases of drug development process like toxicological studies. The major advantage of using zebrafish is the possibility to conduct high-throughput screens on a whole vertebrate animal. However, there is not as much knowledge about zebrafish as there is about other model organisms. Therefore there might be differences between zebrafish and humans that affect the use of zebrafish as a model in the drug development process. The purpose of this thesis was to characterize the structure of the zebrafish oxytocin system and assess the role of oxytocin on zebrafish behaviour. In humans defects in the oxytocin system have been linked to many psychiatric disorders like autism. If the mammalian and zebrafish oxytocin systems resembled each other functionally and structurally, it would enable the use of zebrafish as a model when studying the role of oxytocin in pathophysiology of diseases and also in oxytocin system related drug development. The structure and development of zebrafish oxytocin system was studied by staining adult zebrafish brain cryosections and larval brains with antibodies made against mammalian oxytocin. The specificity of the antibodies to recognize zebrafish oxytocin was determined by absorption and cross-reactivity controls. The role of oxytocin on zebrafish locomotion was studied by inhibiting the splicing of oxytocin messenger RNA with morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs). The MOs were used to address the relevance of the model in pharmacology, since the zebrafish oxytocin receptors have not been expressed and pharmacologically characterized. In zebrafish oxytocin was produced in the cells of the preoptic nucleus. There were thick oxytocin fibers towards the pituitary and also thinner fibers into areas in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. One of the MOs was able to inhibit the production of oxytocin with a dose that did not cause morphological abnormalities. The MO reduced the locomotor activity of the fish, but the specificity of the MO has to be determined. The structure of the zebrafish oxytocin system resembles mammalian oxytocin system in terms of the location of oxytocin cells and fiber projections. Therefore zebrafish seems a suitable model organism for oxytocin research. However, the structure of the zebrafish oxytocin receptor system and the effect of oxytocin on other behavioural aspects have to be determined in order to further evaluate the applicability of zebrafish for oxytocin research.
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