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Browsing by master's degree program "Englannin kielen ja kirjallisuuden maisteriohjelma"

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  • Schuravleff, Matilda (2023)
    An increasing number of socio-linguistic studies of Present-day English intensifiers have utilized the variationist socio-linguistic method because it is regarded as superior to other quantitative methods. Regardless of the prevalence of the method in the socio-linguistic research of Present-day English intensifiers, the method has more rarely been applied to the socio-linguistic research of historical English intensifiers. In the present study, the variation of intensifiers between social ranks was investigated in late Middle English. The material consisted of a small sample of 15th-century English letters which was derived from the Corpus of Early English Correspondence (CEEC). In addition to the variationist method, an original method was utilized where the normalized frequencies of intensification were calculated solely in the non-formulaic contexts of the letters. It was discovered that, in the sample of the study, there were differences in the frequencies of intensifiers between the social ranks, the lowest social rank was the most frequent user of intensification, and the middle rank was the least frequent user of intensification. Moreover, in comparison to a previous variationist research of Present-day English intensifiers, it was detected that variation of intensification between socio-economic classes seemed to be present both in late Middle English and Present-day English, but that the socio-economic class which used intensifiers the most frequently appeared to be different between late Middle English and Present-day English. Overall, it was discussed that the sample size of the research was too limited for general interpretations to be made about the variation of intensifiers in late Middle English. Furthermore, the numerical differences between the social ranks could have been marginal, and therefore, not enough for interpreting variation to have occurred. However, it was discussed that the methods of the research were relevant, and they could be utilized in future socio-linguistic studies of historical English intensifiers.
  • Bouzoubaa Teerineva, Saara (2023)
    This thesis argues for an ethical reading of Miriam Toews’ Women Talking. Based on real-life events that happened in the Mennonite colony of Manitoba in Bolivia between 2005 and 2009, the novel is a response to those acts of violence. This thesis investigates the diversity of processes in the narrative that present strategies of oppression. The narrative reveals that those who do not fit the normative category of a man who acts according to the masculine hegemony are deprived of privileges and lower in the hierarchy. The goal is to show that revealing the processes of oppression contributes significantly to the ethical reading of the novel. Through close reading, I analyze three ethical dilemmas I have discerned from the narrative. I analyze the dilemmas, characters and events through an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that consists of an ecofeminist perspective to gender violence, the Mennonite Christian principles, and James Phelan’s narrative ethics (2013). I argue that the presentation of the ethical dilemmas in the narrative contributes to the reader’s ethical reflection that is necessary for ethical reading. The main result of this thesis is that both readers and authors have ethical responsibilities in relation to the text. In addition to creating believable characters, relationships, and events, it is part of the ethical responsibilities of the author and reader not to reproduce readings that are not consciously ethical. Moreover, it is part of the ethical reading to recognize that as a literary work of fiction, Women Talking is not fully independent from the world and from the real-life events to which it is a reaction.
  • Gofurova, Shakhnoza (2024)
    This cross-sectional study explores language choice and acculturation processes among Uzbek immigrants in Finland and also focuses on the role of English proficiency in integration. Language choice is a fundamental aspect of sociolinguistics, which explores how individuals use language in various social contexts. Acculturation theory suggests that when individuals from one cultural group come into contact with another, they may experience changes in cultural behaviors, attitudes, and values. Language choice plays a crucial role in this process, as it reflects both individual preferences and societal pressures to assimilate or maintain one’s cultural identity. Data from 33 immigrants were collected through an online questionnaire via the E-Lomake software. Additionally, short interviews were conducted with 5 immigrants to explore experiences of discrimination in both host and home countries. The data were analyzed using a mixed-method approach, employing quantitative analysis for Likert-scale questions and qualitative analysis for the comments section and interviews. The results show that short-time male immigrants tend to use English in their daily interactions with locals, whereas women prefer Finnish. Although Finnish was the main language of communication with the host society among long-term immigrants, it did not become the language of the family. Moreover, the importance of English was the highest among the respondents, surpassing the importance of their mother tongue, Finnish, and other languages. It is noteworthy that immigrants considered Russian to be more useful than Swedish in Finland. Furthermore, despite their positive attitudes towards their mother tongue and willingness to keep it as the main language for their children, immigrants were generally well integrated into Finnish society, as evidenced by the overall high scores on the host national identity. However, those who were using Finnish in their daily lives and had at least moderate proficiency in this language showed a higher sense of belonging and host national identity compared to those who lacked the proficiency at all. Additionally, the analysis revealed a factor that hinders the integration process even more than language choice or length of residence - the experience of discrimination in the host country. Given that discrimination among immigrants was mostly observed in the work-related context, this study suggests that authorities should pay more attention to policies of inclusion, diversity, and fair recruitment processes. Furthermore, as English language skills are not seen as a barrier to immigrants’ integration but rather as a useful tool for relocating to Finland and facilitating the early stages of integration, it is important to create more English-speaking workplaces to attract highly educated immigrants to the country.
  • Laiho, Elina Anna Maria (2024)
    Genre conventions and associated tropes can be considered intrinsic to any form of genre fiction but are brought to attention especially in young adult speculative fiction (YA SF) since they participate in creating visible trends in contemporary book culture. Established, recognisable conventions invite subversions, and this is highlighted especially in the phenomenon of retelling narratives that draw inspiration from mythology, folklore, and history, using the established frameworks to address contemporary concerns. Such is the case for Xiran Jay Zhao's Iron Widow (2021) and Shelley Parker-Chan's She Who Became the Sun (2021). Both novels are a reimagination of the rise to power of two imperial Chinese rulers, Wu Zetian and Zhu Yuanzhang, respectively. Through the analysis of three prominent themes of YA and SF – the character of the hero, femininity/masculinity, and romance – this thesis shows how both novels deliberately subvert their genre conventions while echoing warrior epics in the form of heroic SF. Current scholarship agrees that SF, and other literary genres for that matter, are not stagnant categories, and often occupy liminal spaces that can be seen as amalgamations of distinguishable characteristics of several genres. The awareness of this intertextuality is at the core of reimagining narratives as well. Gender, especially the potential dissonance between social and individually embodied expressions of gender identities, emerges a prominent factor in the novels’ exploration of these themes, which prompts queer and feminist readings. Drawing queer theory and on scholarship surrounding Judith Butler’s conceptualisations of the performativity of gender this thesis looks at the way gender is discussed in the novels as both a social construct and as a means of self-actualisation.
  • Halter, Ronja (2023)
    This thesis discusses the links between consumer capitalism and the body in literature. The primary material for this thesis is Bret Easton Ellis’s 1991 novel American Psycho, which details the daily life of its main character and narrator Patrick Bateman, which mostly consists of him sitting in his office, going to restaurants and clubs, shopping, and getting various beauty treatments. What break the monotonous routine of Patrick’s daily life are at first the very detailed sex scenes between him and various women, including sex workers, and later in the novel, the equally detailed gruesome murders committed by Patrick. Set in the 1980s, the novel criticizes the consumerist lifestyle of yuppies (“young upwardly mobile professionals”) and the intense need to conform that causes it. The theoretical background of this thesis consists of a brief cultural-historical background of the setting of the novel, an introduction into the field of body studies, and how bodies are viewed within consumer culture. Additionally, I also discuss objectification. Through the close reading of American Psycho and with the help of the theoretical background and other secondary material, this thesis argues that Ellis is criticizing the objectification of people prevalent in our consumer culture by creating a satirized character who takes this objectification to the extremes as he murders women and creates objects out of his victims in an attempt to find satisfaction. It is the combination of the unsatisfactory nature of consumer capitalism, as well as the misrepresentation of women in the media that Patrick consumes, which lead him to torture and murder women.
  • Heinonen, Sara (2022)
    This thesis studies body positivity in a Finnish EFL textbook series. This goal is approached by finding out which aspects of body positivity, such as body size, skin colour, and gender, are represented in the visuals of the textbooks chosen for this study, and how the textual contents affect these representations. Based on the findings it is then concluded whether the textbooks promote a type of body standard or not and whether the findings correlate with the contents of the updated national core curriculum. The theoretical background for this thesis consists of indicating the importance of body image and representation as well as the goal of the body positivity movement. Due to the lack of previous studies on EFL textbooks focusing on body positivity, previous studies on body positivity on social media, and textbook studies on separate aspects of body positivity are introduced. An upper secondary school A-level EFL textbook series New Insights which has been developed according to the update of the national core curriculum (NCC) in 2019 has been chosen as the data for this study as it is the most current data available and has not been the focus of many studies yet. The data consist of the first two textbooks of the series, New Insights 1-2, and New Insights 3, as they are the only ones published at the time of this study. The material was collected manually from the online versions of the textbooks and consists of both the visual and textual contents of the textbooks. In addition to the textbooks, the NCC has been used to draw connections from its goals to the textbook contents. The method chosen to analyse the aspects of body positivity that are present in the visual and textual contents of the textbooks is qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Content analysis was chosen due to the data-driven and interpretative nature of the study as it attempts to find themes and underlying meaning in the contents that it set out to explore. The results of the study echo the results of previous textbook studies that have been conducted on similar subjects. The results show that the textbooks are not particularly body positive as most of the aspects studied have disproportioned representation among them; Light skin tones are represented far more than medium or dark skin tones. Mostly slim and athletic bodies are represented and very few larger bodies are present in the visuals. Other aspects, such as body hair or acne, have very little to no representation, and physical disabilities have little representation in the visuals but some more in the textual side. Mostly binary genders and heterosexuality are represented, although there are some mentions of e.g., non-binary pronouns and homosexuality. The textual contents provide more positive representation of some aspects, however, in other cases they enforce problematic stereotypes. Perhaps unwittingly, the Western beauty standard that body positivity tries to combat is promoted in the textbooks. The textbooks meet the goals of the NCC relevant to this study, although just barely in some cases, such as with gender equality.
  • Myllyoja, Markus (2020)
    This Master’s thesis explored the British national identity in the early phases of the Brexit process in the years 2017–2018. The aim of the study was to examine whether a new non-EU British identity which could be detected in the speeches by Prime Minister Theresa May and what kinds of linguistic devices were employed in the construction of such identity. I approached these questions with a triangulating method which finds its home in Critical Discourse Analysis. The data consisted of transcriptions of May’s three speeches: the first one was given in London in January 2017, the second one in Florence, Italy in September in 2017 and the third one again in London in March 2018, as a storm prevented May from traveling to Manchester. I attempted to observe the respective temporal and spatial contexts, as well as the imagined audience in my analysis. I first conducted a quantitative analysis of the data by employing the Appraisal Framework developed by Martin and White. This framework is designed to recognise value positions encased in a text. It is based on Systemic Functional Linguistics and Bakhtin’s ideas on dialogic language. I.e. it views language as a semiotic system of inter-referential signs which is constructed in interaction. I applied the framework to the extent of Engagement. This category of the framework is specifically concerned with dialogic utterances. In the qualitative analysis, I applied several social scientific approaches and concepts related to questions of nation and national identity. In terms of dialogic language, the results displayed that over time May’s speeches began to contain less contractive utterances in which one would exclude other positions from the discourse. At the same time, there was an increase of expansive utterances in which one would allow other positions to seem plausible or neutral. In other words, May seemed to opt for a more conciliatory tone as Brexit visibly decelerated. When it comes to national identity, it would seem like a crucial concept for a state looking for less integrated international co-operation especially if pursuit of national sovereignty is presented as the main reason behind the endeavour. However, this study implies that May’s speeches did not offer elements which a new national identity could have been built upon. In the light of previous research on national identity, they would have evidently needed to contain more emotion-laden language.
  • Leino, Hannu-Heikki (2022)
    This study examines the leader’s speeches given by Prime Minister Theresa May during the years 2016–2018 after the result of the Brexit referendum on 23 June 2016. The study aims to answer questions concerning what kinds of speech acts, pronouns, and rhetorical devices May uses to refer to Brexit, what are the intended meanings conveyed in her utterances related to Brexit, and how the rhetoric concerning Brexit has changed over time. All utterances in the speeches that have their meaning related to Brexit were selected for the analysis. The identification of speech acts is based on Searle’s (1979) taxonomy for types of illocutionary acts. The most common speech act used by May in relation to Brexit is an indirect commissive. In the 2016 speech, all but one of the commissives are made indirectly. The speech in 2017 focuses on making direct assertive statements instead, whereas the 2018 speech contains both direct assertives and indirect commissives more equally. May’s use of pronouns and rhetorical devices varies between the three speeches. While all speeches contain the devices of lexical choice and repetition, these are not used similarly and to the same extent in all of them. Only the speech in 2016 makes use of the device of metaphor. Repetition is often linked to the use of pronouns across the speeches. Comparison of the findings reveals that the rhetoric concerning Brexit has changed over the years. May’s role as the Prime Minister heavily influenced her choices of rhetoric. In the speeches in 2016 and 2018, May employed indirect speech acts as a strategy in making promises, and she used the rhetorical device of repetition in both speeches to provide emphasis in semantically connected groups of utterances. Throughout both speeches, May remained dedicated to realizing Brexit and her stance did not change. Her use of the personal pronoun we is linked to her stance, and she used the pronoun as means of persuasion to inclusively refer to the Conservative Party, her government and the British people. However, May’s strategy for persuasion changed over the years. She connected Brexit with patriotic ideas in the speech in 2016, but she no longer used similar rhetoric in the two later speeches. The 2017 speech contains few references to Brexit and May appears to have been avoiding discussion on the topic. Brexit is again a central topic in the speech in 2018, and May’s focus was on convincing the audience on her approach to Brexit and the importance of securing a favourable deal before Britain leaves the European Union. The results of the study provide insight into the ways Theresa May used rhetoric in her role as the leader of the Conservative Party and the Prime Minister of Britain to shape the discussion concerning Brexit during her time in office.
  • Maijala, Iida (2024)
    This linguistic study examines the media representation and portrayal of pop star and celebrity Britney Spears. Within contemporary media discourse, young female celebrities frequently experience the dual nature of fame as they are often idolized and scrutinized at the same time. Despite her status as a cultural icon, Spears is a fitting subject for examination due to her multifaceted and intricate relationship with the media. Using a qualitative approach, this study analyzed eight cover stories from Rolling Stone magazine featuring Spears, spanning from 1999 to 2008. Critical Discourse Analysis by van Dijk (2015) served as the overarching theoretical framework, with Social Actor Analysis by van Leeuwen (2008) utilized as a complementary approach to explore Spears’ representations in the magazine. The findings revealed that Spears was consistently nominated and categorized as a social actor. Moreover, the analysis uncovered a mix of positive, negative, and mixed appraisals of Spears. Additionally, a shift over time in linguistic portrayals was observed. Initially, Spears’ portrayals were mostly positive, but later, negative appraisals became more prominent. The study offers insights into broader societal dynamics surrounding language, gender, and power, demonstrating how media representations and discourse have the potential to reinforce harmful stereotypes, and how media practices reflect and shape public perceptions of women.
  • Vinkenes, Audrey (2024)
    In the Anglophone world, California remains a glamorized place, reserved for movie stars, surfers, and cowboys. While there are many famous Californian writers, Joan Didion and Eve Babitz remain incredibly popular for their depictions of California. Though Didion and Babitz hailed from slightly different social strata, both have an obsessive focus on California. Both write in a New Journalistic style and focus on similar happenings in their state. This makes a comparison of their works effective for analyzing cultural attitudes in their age group and social position. This thesis analyzes the works of Joan Didion and Eve Babitz. With Didion, I examine The White Album, Slouching Towards Bethlehem, Where I was From, and South and West. With Babitz I focus on Eve’s Hollywood, Slow Days, Fast Company, and Black Swans. In this thesis, I will closely examine Didion and Babitz’s portrayal of Californian history, the environment, and identity, and the consequences of these portrayals. In this thesis I primarily use postcolonial theory, econarratology, and historical contextualization to analyze how California is depicted. After analyzing these works in these contexts, I find that although Didion and Babitz share a similar focus, they end up having very different treatments of those subjects. Didion’s past filled mythology end up erasing the horrors of colonization and cements a present where there is no space for those outside her circle. Babitz’s focus on the present makes her ignorant of the past that her present is dependent on. I additionally find that Didion relies on metaphor where Babitz uses the literal to create mythology. Finally, I find that California has been mythologized to such an extent that those born there at times see it as foreign and exotic.
  • Pitkänen, Paula (2020)
    Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan ihmissuhteita ja niiden tuhoisaa luonnetta Emily Brontën romaanissa Humiseva Harju (1847). Tutkimusmetodeina käytetään sukupuolentutkimusta ja väkivaltatutkimusta. Väkivalta vaikuttaa vahvasti lähes kaikkiin romaanin ihmissuhteisiin, sekä siinä esiintyviin henkilöihin. Tutkielmassa keskitytään erityisesti Heathcliffin ja Catherinen henkilöhahmoihin, ja pyritään näyttämään, kuinka väkivaltainen kasvatus ja elinympäristö ovat vaikuttaneet heihin lapsuudessa niin, että hahmot päätyvät kohtelemaan muita ihmisiä fyysisesti ja henkisesti kaltoin myös aikuisina. Heathcliffin ja Catherinen kokema väkivalta on peräisin erilaisista syistä: Heathcliff kärsii orpotaustansa, etnisyytensä ja kasvattiveljessään herättämänsä kateuden takia, kun taas Catherinea rangaistaan, soimataan ja väheksytään oman sukupuolensa takia. Esseessä tarkastellaan myös yleisellä tasolla yhteiskunnassa vallitsevia sukupuolinormeja, jotka vaikuttavat suuresti sekä tyttöjen ja poikien omaan ajatteluun, että muun lähipiirin suhtautumiseen heihin. Heathcliffin ja Catherinen lisäksi tutkielmassa tarkastellaan myös muita keskeisiä henkilöhahmoja, kuten Nellyä, Edgaria, Isabellaa ja Lintonia. Nellyn, Isabellan ja Catherinen välisiä suhteita tutkiessa kiinnitetään huomiota erityisesti siihen, kuinka henkilöhahmot ja heidän keskinäinen dynamiikkansa edustavat stereotyyppistä kuvausta naisten välisistä ystävyyksistä, joita värittävät vahvasti kateus, huijaus ja kilpailu. Edgarin ja Lintonin henkilöhahmoja tarkasteltaessa käsitellään toksista maskuliinisuutta ja sitä, millainen maskuliinisuuden ihanne on yhteiskunnassamme, ja kuinka se vaikuttaa miesten kohteluun. Tutkielmassa tuodaan esille kolme erilaista keskeistä väkivallan muotoa: lapsiin kohdistuva väkivalta, naisiin kohdistuva väkivalta sekä lähisuhdeväkivalta. Kaikki nämä väkivallan muodot ovat vahvasti esillä Humisevassa Harjussa. Lähes jokainen romaanissa esiintyvä lapsihahmo kokee fyysistä ja/tai henkistä väkivaltaa, mikä kertoo myös siitä, kuinka lapsiin suhtauduttiin 1700- ja 1800- lukujen Englannissa. Lapsena koettu väkivalta tekee myös monesta hahmosta, kuten Heathcliffista, Catherinesta ja Hindleystä, erittäin julmia aikuisia. Naisiin kohdistuvaa väkivaltaa tarkasteltaessa keskitytään erityisesti Isabellan ja Catherinen tyttären, Cathyn hahmoihin. Naiiviksi nuoreksi romantikoksi kuvailtu Isabella ihastuu Heathcliffiin, joka käyttää häntä hyväkseen tuottaakseen tuskaa Edgarille. Isabella päätyy naimisiin Heathcliffin kanssa, mitä seuraavina viikkoina hän tulee lähes päivittäin pahoinpidellyksi, nöyryytetyksi ja eristetyksi aviomiehensä taloon. Hän tulee todennäköisen raiskauksen seurauksena raskaaksi, pakenee ja joutuu muuttamaan yksin pois kotiseudultaan. Isabellan henkilökehityksessä kiinnitetään huomiota myös siihen, kuinka hänen lähipiirinsä suhtautuu paheksuttuun avioliittoon ja sitä seuranneeseen kärsimykseen. Isabellan veli Edgar katkaisee välinsä siskoonsa, ja Nelly paheksuu ennemmin Isabellan avioliiton jälkeen siveettömäksi muuttunutta ulkoasua kuin Heathcliffin väkivaltaa. Cathy puolestaan elää lapsuutensa ja varhaisnuoruutensa samassa turvatussa ympäristössä kuin Isabella, kunnes Heathcliffiin tutustuttuaan joutuu pakkoavioliiton, fyysisen väkivallan ja vapaudenriiston uhriksi. Lähisuhdeväkivaltaa esiintyy Humisevassa Harjussa erityisesti Catherinen ja Heathcliffin sekä Catherinen ja Edgarin suhteissa. Catherinen ja Heathcliffin suhteen väkivalta on molemminpuolista mustasukkaisuutta, pakkomiellettä, omistamista ja fyysistä vallankäyttöä. Edgarin ja Catherinen avioliitossa puolestaan on hyvin selkeästi nähtävissä tekijä (Catherine) ja uhri (Edgar). Vaikka molemmat ihmissuhteet ovat epäterveitä ja vaarallisia, ne ovat myös vahvasti romantisoituja romaanissa, mikä omalla tavallaan kyseenalaistaa väkivallan vakavuuden ja luo erityisesti Heathcliffista ja Catherinesta kuvan kirjallisuushistorian merkittävimpinä rakastavaisina. Tutkielmassa näytetään paitsi se, kuinka sukupuolinormit, naisten väliset suhteet, toksinen maskuliinisuus ja väkivalta näyttäytyvät Brontën romaanissa ja vaikuttavat sen henkilöhahmoihin, myös se, kuinka käsitellyt teemat ja ongelmat ovat olemassa ja yleisiä myös nyky-yhteiskunnassa, ja miten niiden tunnistaminen kirjallisuudessa on osa ongelmaa vastaan taistelemista.
  • Ackrén, Salla-Mari (2022)
    Abstract Faculty: Faculty of Arts Degree programme: MA Programme in English Studies Study track: General Line Author: Salla-Mari Ackrén Title: Ceremony: Representing Native American Cultures through Trauma and Healing Level: Master’s Thesis Month and year: May 2022 Number of pages: 48 Keywords: Native American literature, Native American culture, trauma, healing, colonialism, war traumas, Leslie Marmon Silko Supervisor or supervisors: Merja Polvinen Where deposited: Helsinki University Library Additional information: - Abstract: This thesis reviews a Native American novel, Ceremony, published by Leslie Marmon Silko in 1977. In her narration, Silko mixes traditional Laguna poems with the experiences of the contemporary protagonist, Tayo, relayed in prose. With this reading, I want to raise awareness of Ceremony and its real-life themes for Native Americans, such as cultural crisis, post-colonial traumas, and mental health problems, along with the importance of nature and animals in Native American cultures. As a group of minorities, Native American literature has not always received the respect and understanding it deserves, which is why I want to raise awareness about Native American culture and the traditions influencing it. In this thesis I use a close reading method to analyze the protagonist Tayo, who has an identity crisis between Anglo American and Laguna cultures. Tayo also suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and an alcohol problem due to his experiences in the Pacific theatre in World War II. I analyze his cultural identity development with the help of the narratological theories of James Phelan (1989), the effects of colonialism analysed by Patrick Hogan (2000) and discuss his war traumas with the help of theories by Cathy Caruth (1996) and Suzanne LaLonde (2018). At the beginning of the novel, Tayo blames himself for surviving a war that killed his cousin and for the droughts in his pueblo. He is taken to a Native American ceremony to heal from his depression. However, the first, traditional ceremony does not help him. Instead, the second medicine man, Betonie, performs a ceremony that combines traditional rituals to modern world problems (the war and colonialism), which gradually heals Tayo. During his journey to healing, he has many confrontations, for instance with his alcoholic war veteran friends. However, Tayo benefits from mythical guides along his journey, such as Betonie, a woman called Ts’eh, and Tayo’s lost cattle. At the end of the novel, when Tayo heals and finds his place in Laguna society, also the rains come back, emphasizing the succeeded ceremony, and healing in both the individual and the Native American culture as a whole.
  • Frangén, Linnea (2022)
    Climate change is increasingly influencing young people’s reproductive decisions, and more and more people are hesitant to have children due to climate change and climate anxiety. In contrast, the hegemonic reproduction discourse in the West, pronatalism, portrays having children as universally desirable and fulfilling and stigmatises childfreedom. Consequently, childfreedom is inherently situated in resistance to pronatalism and it is examined here as a counter-discourse. This study aims to contribute to research about the interconnection of reproduction and the climate crisis from a critical discourse analytic perspective, as linguistically oriented studies are currently lacking in what is already an under-researched field. This study examines how a childfree subreddit is challenging the hegemonic pronatalist reproductive discourses from the perspective of the climate crisis and environmentalism. The question is answered by examining (1) the main themes in the discourse and (2) the linguistic resources that are utilised. The material is collected from a subreddit r/childfree, a discursive space where pronatalist ideology is contested and consists of 11 threads where the interconnection of reproduction and climate change are discussed. An online environment was chosen because they can enable solidarity, offer respite from hegemonic ideologies and discourses, legitimize and normalize alternative discourses and even formulate strategies of resistance. I conducted a critical discourse analytic study using content analysis as a method. Critical discourse analysis was chosen because it enables one to examine how discourse structures reproduce or challenge relations of power. Content analysis, on the other hand, is a systematic and transparent way to classify text into categories. The results not only showed that the people who post on the subreddit use the climate crisis strategically and deliberately to counter pronatalism, but also that they deploy linguistic resources creatively and playfully in the interests of their own ideologies. The posts demonstrate awareness of pronatalist discourse and behaviour, which are often collectively analysed. Interestingly, both childfree and pronatalist discourses use climate change rhetoric to accommodate to the changing cultural context, and the constant negotiation between the discourses is evident in the data. On the one hand, climate change is used to create a reflective, selfless, and morally superior childfree subject. On the other hand, it is employed to portray all “breeders” not only as irresponsible, selfish, hypocritical, susceptible to external pressure, but also as in denial of climate change. “Breeders’” naivety and denial are contrasted with the seriousness of the climate crisis. Although children are mainly portrayed in a negative light, some posts use child-centred rhetoric to justify why having children is immoral in the age of climate change, thus challenging pronatalism. Regardless of how the topic is framed, the different categories identified in this study all work to deconstruct the parenthood mandate.
  • Nurmos, Laura (2021)
    Tutkielma tarkastelee seksuaalisesta häirinnästä käytyä keskustelua yhdysvaltalaisessa uutismediassa kriittisen diskurssianalyysin näkökulmasta. Aikaisempi tutkimus seksuaalisesta häirinnästä ja sen esiintymismuodoista mediassa osoittaa uutisdiskurssin keskittyvän ensisijaisesti olemassa olevia valtarakenteita tukevien ilmenemismuotojen korostamiseen ja edistävän osaltaan seksuaalista väkivaltaa ympäröivien myyttien (rape myths) olemassaoloa. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on tarkastella ovatko aihetta ympäröivät otsikot muuttuneet viime vuosien feminististen liikkeiden johdosta kartoittamalla, keskittyvätkö otsikot uhreihin vai ahdistelijoihin ja analysoimalla, miten ne hyödyntävät seksuaalisen väkivallan myyttejä diskurssissaan. Lisäksi tutkielmassa tarkastellaan, eroavatko konservatiivisen ja liberaalin julkaisun uutisoinnit aiheeseen liittyen. Analyysin kohteena on kahden eri poliittista taustaa edustavan julkaisun, New York Timesin (NYT) ja Wall Street Journalin (WSJ), otsikot ennen ja jälkeen #MeToo -liikkeen nousun lokakuussa 2017. Tutkielma kattaa kaikki vuosien 2015-2019 lokakuussa julkaistut uutisotsikot, jotka NYT ja WSJ julkaisivat avaintermillä ”sexual harassment”. Hakusanalla löytyneet 857 otsikkoa analysoitiin luokittelemalla ne sen mukaan 1) keitä otsikossa mainittiin (uhri, ahdistelija vai ulkopuolinen kommentoija), 2) tuotiinko heidän sukupuolensa otsikossa esille, 3) lainattiinko ketään otsikossa mainituista henkilöistä joko suoraan tai epäsuorasti, 4) oliko joku otsikon henkilöistä julkinen henkilö tai viitattiinko häneen tittelillä, 5) mitä seksuaalisen väkivallan myyttejä (rape myths) otsikossa ilmeni ja 6) millaista sanavalintaa uhria kuvatessa käytettiin. Analyysissä nousi esiin kaksi eri poliittista taustaa edustavaa, valta-asemaansa väärinkäyttänyttä miestä ja otsikot analysoitiin toiseen kertaan luokittelemalla ne sen mukaan, keskittyikö otsikko kyseisiä henkilöitä vastaan esitettyihin syytöksiin vai ei. Analyysin tulokset vahvistivat osaltaan aikaisempia löytöjä, sillä enemmistö otsikoista keskittyi klassisiin seksuaalisen häirinnän muotoihin, joissa ahdistelijana toimi valta-asemassa toimiva mies ja uhrina oli haavoittuvaisessa asemassa oleva nainen. Tämän lisäksi otsikot keskittyivät pääasiassa ahdistelijaan ja hänen tekoihinsa. Tulokset osoittivat kuitenkin julkaisusta riippuen muutosta tasapainoisempaan suuntaan, jossa ahdistelija oli yhä vähenevissä määrin otsikon ensisijaisena kohteena. Samanaikaisesti otsikot siirtyivät yhä enenevissä määrin esittämään seksuaalisen häirinnän uhreja (NYT) tai aiempaa laajempikatseiseen esitystapaan (WSJ). Otsikoista ainoastaan 1,3% sisälsi seksuaalista väkivaltaa ympäröiviä myyttejä, ja niitä käytettiin hyvin harkitusti joko lainaamalla jotakuta, joka käytti myyttiä tai vetoamalla lukijan tietoisuuteen myytin olemassaolosta. Wall Street Journalin ja New York Timesin otsikot erosivat toisistaan huomattavissa määrin lähinnä julkaistujen otsikoiden määrässä ja republikaanien presidenttiehdokkaan Donald Trumpin julkisoinnissa. Siinä missä NYT:in raportointi seksuaaliseen häirintään liittyen lisääntyi huomattavasti jo Trumpia kohtaan esitettyjen syytösten aikaan lokakuussa 2016, WSJ:in raportointi aiheeseen liittyen lisääntyi hitaammin ja suurin nousu otsikoiden määrässä tapahtui vasta lokakuussa 2017.
  • Urbanová, Kristína (2021)
    My thesis examines Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick as an anti-capitalist text. I mainly utilize the theory of capitalism as defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the nineteenth century, focusing on class relations and the idea of class struggle; that is, the unrest that results from the inherent inequality of classes under capitalism. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the plausibility of an anti-capitalist reading of Moby-Dick and show how such a reading sheds light on the famously enigmatic character of Captain Ahab and on his motivations. To achieve this, I rely on social and historioeconomic analysis of the whaling industry to illustrate the usual working conditions on board whaling ships, and then apply my findings to a close reading of the novel. As Ishmael, the narrator, is generally the reader’s point of access, I first analyze his position vis–à–vis the industry he is about to enter, highlighting his inexperience. Then, I demonstrate how any struggle he may have undergone as a result of that inexperience is suppressed in favor of highlighting Ahab, ostensibly supplanting the struggle of the lower–ranking crewmembers with that of their superior. Ultimately, however, I argue that Moby-Dick illustrates the immutability of class dynamics under capitalism, and that it does so mainly through its portrayal of Ahab who, despite being at the top of the Pequod’s social hierarchy, suffers within the larger system that exploits him just as it does his inferiors. Furthermore, the perpetuity of these dynamics is illustrated by the fact that Ahab, despite becoming aware of his condition under capitalism, is unable to transcend the confines of that condition. Though he wants revenge against the whale, the insular nature of his position that arises from capitalist social hierarchies, combined with his self-involved mental struggle, results in an attempt at resistance that is ineffective precisely because of its solitary nature. In Moby-Dick, we then find just one representation of a ubiquitous capitalist system designed to crush individual resistance.
  • Zi, Yu (2019)
    The concept of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has been rapidly adopted in Finland and received with positivity. Having high quality CLIL materials is seen as one of the most essential components of a successful CLIL programme. However, the challenges of producing materials for teaching through a foreign language have widely been acknowledged and have remained for at least three decades. Finland is, in fact, behind many other European countries in terms of CLIL materials production. This study sets three main objectives to address the research gap in CLIL materials design. The first objective is to find out the types of materials teachers use in lower secondary CLIL classrooms in Finland. The second and third objectives are to identify and to evaluate teachers’ approaches to text modification. The study focuses on five secondary teachers who teach non-language subjects to grades 7-9 in English. The qualitative data consist of thematic interviews and teaching materials designed by the participants. A thorough review of over 60 studies is conducted in order to provide a theoretical framework for the evaluation of input modification strategies. The results show that the participants commonly employ these four types of materials: 1) textbooks in Finnish, 2) textbooks in the target language, 3) self-written materials, and 4) adaptations of authentic materials. In the case of adapting authentic materials, the study identified all three main approaches to text modification: simplification, elaboration and rediscursification. All participants used some types of rediscursification strategy. Regardless of their previous teaching experience, most participants use elaboration, though the choice of its substrategy is limited to adding redundancy by paraphrasing. More experienced teachers seem to avoid using simplification strategies whilst less experienced teachers adopt a wide range of strategies of simplification. This study can provide the professionals in the field of CLIL education (e.g. material writers, publishers) with an insight into the reality of how the materials are used by CLIL practitioners. The results may also contribute to CLIL teacher education and in-service training by informing teachers of the commonly used input modification strategies and raising awareness of the effectiveness of these techniques.
  • Storås, Marja (2021)
    Tutkielma käsittelee suomalaisen Moomin Language School -kielenoppimispalvelun oppisisältöjä sen tarjoamissa opetusmateriaaleissa sekä lapsille suunnatussa digitaalisessa oppimissovelluksessa. Varhaisessa kielenopetuksessa suositellaan käyttämään erityisesti toiminnallisia ja leikinomaisia oppimistapoja. Opetussuunnitelmassa toiminnallisten työtapojen lisäksi mainitaan erityisesti musiikki, draama, pelit ja liike. Digitaalinen opetus on nykyään osa niin koulujen kuin päiväkotienkin arkea ja myös kielenopetuksessa digitaalinen oppiminen on arkipäiväistynyt. Lasten omaksuessa digitaalisten laitteiden käytön jo varhaisessa iässä, on laadukkaiden, oppimista tukevien, digitaalisten oppimisympäristöjen käyttö opetustarkoituksessa perusteltua. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisia aktiviteetteja Moomin Language School-oppimisympäristö tarjoaa ja miten ne vastaavat niitä varhaisen kielenoppimisen opetustapoja, joita opetussuunnitelmat painottavat. Lisäksi tutkitaan digitaalisen oppimissovelluksen ominaisuuksia aiempien tätä aihetta koskevien tutkimusten pohjalta. Aineisto muodostuu Moomin Language School-palvelun materiaaleista. Palvelu tarjoaa opetusmateriaalia 50 viikolle, sisältäen tuntisuunnitelmat 50 opetustuokiolle sekä digitaalisen sovelluksen lapsen käyttöön. Palvelu on suunnattu 3–10-vuotiaille lapsille ja sitä tarjotaan esimerkiksi päiväkotien ja peruskoulun alaluokkien englannin opetuskäyttöön. Analysoitavana oli opetustuokioiden opettajalle räätälöidyt tuntimateriaalit sekä digitaalinen sovellus. Tuntisuunnitelmien eri aktiviteetit analysoitiin niiden sisältämien elementtien perusteella. Tutkittuja elementtejä olivat puhuminen, liike, musiikki, riimit, draama ja aktiviteeteissa käytetyt välineet. Eri elementtien esiintyvyys ja määrä koottiin taulukkoon. Tutkimus soveltaa pääosin laadullista sisältöanalyysia, jonka avulla kuvataan yksityiskohtaisesti niin yksittäisiä tuntiaktiviteetteja kuin digitaalisen sovelluksen tehtävätyyppejä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että varhaisen kieltenopetuksen menetelmät olivat laajalti käytössä opetustuokioiden aktiviteeteissa. Leikinomaisuus ja toiminnallisuus olivat läsnä tutkittujen opetustuokioiden tuntisuunnitelmissa. Digitaalisen sovelluksen tehtävät sisälsivät elementtejä, joiden voi katsoa tukevan lapsen englannin kielen oppimista. Pohdittavaksi kuitenkin jää, ovatko aktiviteetit sekä digitaalisen sovelluksen tehtävät optimaalisia koko kohderyhmälle vai olisiko palvelun aiheellista tuottaa erilaista sisältöä eri ikäryhmille.
  • Risku, Jaakko Tuomas (2024)
    The linguistic landscape of an area is indicative of its contemporary culture and linguistic identity. The purpose of this study is to provide an illustration of the linguistic landscape of central Helsinki and to demonstrate the ways in which the linguistic landscape of a city can be researched by examining the advertisements from different points of contact in the city to enable a generalization of its linguistic routines. Additionally, the thesis aims to demonstrate the complex relationship between English and Finnish in the capital city of Finland, as well as provide insight into the role of English as a global marketing language. Previous research on multilingual marketing and the role of English in the Nordic countries, central Europe, and Southeast Asia has resulted in findings that display the vast influence of English in the linguistic space of non-native English-speaking countries. Research also shows that the linguistic practices of governmental institutions can be affected by language policies and as such can be different from the community-driven linguistic routines of advertisers, which is why this study focuses on only the commercial linguistic landscape. Furthermore, advertisements can be considered as the most accurate representation of an area’s linguistic identity, as competitors in the free market must use effective marketing strategies to connect with their demographic. The data of the study consisted of 366 phrases collected from 80 advertisers. The data was analyzed with a mixed methods approach, of which the quantitative part found English to cover 40% of all phrases in advertisements in Helsinki. The qualitative content analysis found English to be prioritized by advertisers more often than Finnish, which was the most significant finding of the study as it indicated that when advertisers do use English, they want it to be seen. Advertisers used English as the language of brand management and to cater to tourists, whereas the role of Finnish was to provide detailed information and in-depth descriptions. The study also found variation by area in Helsinki and recognized a correlation with the amount of English used in an area and the area’s geographical proximity to the center of the city, where most tourist attractions and entertainment districts are located. Future studies could replicate the methodology of this study in a different non-native English-speaking city to continue the research on the role of English as a global marketing language.
  • Puska, Tiina (2018)
    Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisia asenteita ja näkemyksiä kokeneilla ja vähemmän kokeneilla yläkoulun englanninopettajilla on kommunikatiivista kielenopetusta ja sosiaalista vuorovaikutusta hyödyntäviä luokka-aktiviteetteja kohtaan sekä verrata, eroavatko asenteet ja näkemykset kokeneiden ja vähemmän kokeneiden opettajien välillä. Lisäksi halutaan selvittää opettajien mahdolliset kehitysideat kommunikatiivisuuteen ja/tai sosiaalista vuorovaikutusta hyödyntävien luokka-aktiviteettien käyttöön liittyen. Tutkimuksen teoriaosio tarkastelee aiheelle oleellisia käsitteitä, joita ovat muun muassa kommunikatiivinen kompetenssi, kommunikatiivinen kielenopetus sekä sosiaalista vuorovaikutusta hyödyntävä aktiviteetti. Lisäksi teoriaosiossa käsitellään esimerkiksi kommunikatiivisen kielenopetuksen historiaa Suomessa sekä kahta viimeisintä Perusopetuksen Opetussuunnitelmaa (2004; 2014). Kyseessä on laadullinen, aineistolähtöinen tutkimus, jossa materiaali koostuu kahden kokeneen ja kahden vähemmän kokeneen yläkoulun englanninopettajan litteroiduista haastatteluista. Haastattelut toteutettiin puolistrukturoituina teemahaastatteluina, joiden apuna hyödynnettiin viittä kirjallisuuskatsauksesta esiinnoussutta aiheeseen liittyvää teemaa. Haastattelupyyntö lähetettiin sähköpostitse kaikille Helsingissä, Espoossa ja Vantaalla virassa oleville yläkoulun englanninopettajille, joiden yhteystiedot pystyttiin löytämään internetistä, ja neljä ensimmäisenä vastannutta tutkimukseen soveltuvaa opettajaa kutsuttiin haastatteluun. Aineisto kerättiin kokonaisuudessaan tammi-maaliskuussa 2018. Haastatellut opettajat jaettiin kokeneisiin ja vähemmän kokeneisiin Kunnallisen opetushenkilöstön virka- ja työehtosopimuksen (2016) määrittelemän aineenopettajan kokemuslisän mukaan. Tulokset osoittavat, että sekä kokeneiden että vähemmän kokeneiden englanninopettajien asenteet kommunikatiivista kielenopetusta ja sosiaalista vuorovaikutusta hyödyntäviä aktiviteetteja kohtaan ovat kaiken kaikkiaan positiivisia. Opettajien näkemykset sisälsivät enemmän samankaltaisuuksia kuin eroavaisuuksia, ja suuri osa eroavaisuuksista pystyttiin löytämään yksittäisistä vastauksista. Merkittävimmät eroavaisuudet kokeneiden ja vähemmän kokeneiden opettajien näkemysten välillä koskivat nykyteknologian käyttöä kommunikatiivisten ja sosiaalista vuorovaikutusta hyödyntävien luokka-aktiviteettien toteutuksessa. Vähemmän kokeneet opettajat myös korostivat suullisen kommunikaation ensisijaista tärkeyttä, kun kokeneet opettajat vaikuttivat pitävän kirjallista ja suullista kommunikaatiota tasa-arvoisina englannin kielen opetuksessa. Opettajien samankaltaiset näkemykset liittyivät pääasiassa kohdekielen käyttöön sekä kieliopin merkitykseen opetuksessa, ja uuden opetussuunnitelman vaikutusta kielenopetuksen kommunikatiivisuuteen pidettiin myös jokseenkin vähäisenä. Opettajien ehdottamat kehitysideat omaa opetustaan koskien olivat kaiken kaikkiaan vähäisiä ja yleisluonteisia, ja vain harvoja tarkkarajaisia kehitysideoita mainittiin.
  • Pakarinen, Emmi (2020)
    Tutkielmassani analysoin kirja-arvosteluita ja niissä esiintyvää arviointia. Tarkoituksena on näyttää, mistä osista internetissä julkaistavat kirja-arvostelut koostuvat eli minkälaiset piirteet ovat tyypillisiä kirja-arvosteluista koostuvalle genrelle sekä ammattikriitikoiden että harrastelijoiden keskuudessa. Tämän lisäksi vertailen ammattikriitikoiden ja harrastelijakriitikoiden kielen käyttöä. Tutkimuksen teoria perustuu genreanalyysiin, erityisesti Paltridgen (1995) esittämään analyysimalliin, ja kielessä esiintyvän evaluaation analyysi keskittyy kirja-arvosteluissa käytettävään vertailuun, subjektiivisuuteen sekä kirjoja arvottaviin ilmaisuihin (Thompson & Hunston: 2000). Tutkimuksen materiaali koostuu ammattikriitikoiden ja harrastelijakriitikoiden kirja-arvosteluista. Ammattikriitikoiden kirja-arvostelut kerättiin kahden sanomalehden The New York Timesin ja The Guardianin verkkosivuilta, kun taas Goodreads ja LibraryThing toimivat harrastelija kirja-arvosteluiden lähteinä. Yhteensä materiaali sisältää kaksitoista ammattikriitikoiden ja 48 harrastelijoiden kirja-arvostelua. Harrastelijoiden arvosteluja on käytettävässä materiaalissa enemmän, koska niiden välillä on enemmän eroja ja ne ovat lyhyempiä verrattuna ammattikriitikoiden kirja-arvosteluihin. Analyysin perusteella kirja-arvostelut muodostuvat kahdesta tärkeästä osasta. Ne sisältävät kirjaa kuvailevan osan, johon sisältyy esimerkiksi juonen ja kirjailijan esittely, ja kirjaa arvioivan osan, johon kuuluu esimerkiksi kirjoitustyylin tai hahmojen arvostelua. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat myös, että ammattikriitikoiden ja harrastelija-arvostelujen väliltä löytyy niitä erottavia piirteitä. Osa harrastelijoiden kirja-arvosteluista ei sisällä kirjaa kuvailevia osia, vaan ne koostuvat ainoastaan kirjaa arvioivista osista. Ammattikriitikoiden kirja-arvosteluissa taas on enemmän kirjailijoita koskevaa informaatiota ja muutenkin enemmän kirjojen sisältöihin liittyvää tietoa. Ammattikriitikoiden arvosteluista löytyy myös enemmän vertailevaa kieltä harrastelijoihin verrattuna. Kirjojen positiivisia ja negatiivisia piirteitä tuodaan esiin esimerkiksi vertaamalla niitä toisiin teoksiin. Ammattiarvostelijoihin verrattuna, harrastelijat puolestaan ovat subjektiivisempia kirjoja arvioidessaan. He käyttivät esimerkiksi enemmän minä-pronominia kertoessaan, mitä he tunsivat kirjaa lukiessaan ja mitä he pitivät kirjasta.