Browsing by Subject "capitalism"

My thesis examines Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick as an anti-capitalist text. I mainly utilize the theory of capitalism as defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the nineteenth century, focusing on class relations and the idea of class struggle; that is, the unrest that results from the inherent inequality of classes under capitalism. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the plausibility of an anti-capitalist reading of Moby-Dick and show how such a reading sheds light on the famously enigmatic character of Captain Ahab and on his motivations. To achieve this, I rely on social and historioeconomic analysis of the whaling industry to illustrate the usual working conditions on board whaling ships, and then apply my findings to a close reading of the novel. As Ishmael, the narrator, is generally the reader’s point of access, I first analyze his position vis–à–vis the industry he is about to enter, highlighting his inexperience. Then, I demonstrate how any struggle he may have undergone as a result of that inexperience is suppressed in favor of highlighting Ahab, ostensibly supplanting the struggle of the lower–ranking crewmembers with that of their superior. Ultimately, however, I argue that Moby-Dick illustrates the immutability of class dynamics under capitalism, and that it does so mainly through its portrayal of Ahab who, despite being at the top of the Pequod’s social hierarchy, suffers within the larger system that exploits him just as it does his inferiors. Furthermore, the perpetuity of these dynamics is illustrated by the fact that Ahab, despite becoming aware of his condition under capitalism, is unable to transcend the confines of that condition. Though he wants revenge against the whale, the insular nature of his position that arises from capitalist social hierarchies, combined with his self-involved mental struggle, results in an attempt at resistance that is ineffective precisely because of its solitary nature. In Moby-Dick, we then find just one representation of a ubiquitous capitalist system designed to crush individual resistance.

While eco-fiction has found a vast audience in contemporary literature reception, it is oftentimes ‘sidelined’ as a genre that is not taken seriously due to its dystopian world depictions and ‘improbable’ happenings (Ghosh 11). Nonetheless, I argue that ‘improbability’ is not an issue for Kim Stanley Robinson’s New York 2140 (2017) as it represents the perpetuation of twenty-first-century patterns of behavior over the years, magnified by the year 2140 by menacing rising waters that submerge downtown Manhattan. Further, it is my contention that this novel represents a reformation of the capitalist system rather than its eradication since it portrays a diverse cast of characters slowly realizing that the elitist capitalist system is threatening their lives as it only sustains profit, and it depicts the transformation of such a capitalist system into a capitalism that resembles a welfare state with progressive taxation and active citizen involvement. This thesis analyses more specifically the role of community engagement, finance restructuration, and eco-sensitivity awareness as aspects that Robinson deems essential for a reformation of a capitalist system. Moreover, I ground my claim that this shift towards a reformed capitalism follows Merchant’s concept ‘radical ecology:’ “the cutting edge of social ecology [since] it pushes social and ecological systems towards new patterns of production, reproduction and consciousness that will improve the quality of human life and the natural environment” (Radical 9). In terms of methodology, this thesis lies at the intersection of three movements – ecocriticism, blue humanities, and social ecology– as they all are part of the narrative world of New York 2140. In the analysis here provided, the subthemes of place-connectedness, community resilience, financial objectives, commodification of causes, and even gender roles in capitalism are addressed as forming part of Robinson’s envisioned changes for the capitalist system. By analyzing Robinson’s novel, readers can not only visualize the shortcomings of the ongoing capitalist system, but also they can identify key factors that are needed to swirl the direction of that economy into one that benefits more people, perhaps even before arriving at such drastically-altered world (i.e., before the year 2140).