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The aim of the study was to find out, how the craftsmen of textile of the archipelago reach for ecological sustainability. In addition, what does the ecological orientation mean for the craftsman and how to understand ecological handicrafts. Both the product and the creator serve as a narrator. To answer these questions interviews were made with nine craftsmen who live in the Archipelago. The interviews were analysed with content analysis method. The research report proceeds in a dialogue between theory and the analysis. The relationship between the sustainable development and the handicrafts of archipelago was observed as the theoretical basis of the research. By investing in cultural, social, financial and industrial sustainability the fundamental aim of ecological sustainability is possible to attain. Values, skills and knowledge of a craftsman have an influence on the various sectors of the development. The operational environment of the craftsmen is the archipelago, its nature and the culture created by man. One objective was to work out, how the archipelago and its notion played a part in their way of working and telling about their products. Ecology in the handicrafts of the archipelago appeared in various ways. Cultural and social sustainability materialized better than economical and industrial sustainability. Education seemed to be the best way to get intermediate goals on the way to the sustainable development. Handicrafts was seen as a part of the culture of archipelago and the networks in a sparsely populated area is experienced as an important thing. The ecological acting is commonly connected to the material of handicraft and its methods of production. Values take shape, when the craftsman talked about his family and told his story about growing into the craftsmanship. Striving for ecological sustainability in handicrafts aroused also mixed feelings. Craftsmanship is lifeblood on the market, which is ruled by the global market economy. Does it mean that striving for ecological sustainability is an attempt to reach for truth?

The aim of this study is to explain how student initiations construct in classroom interaction. Study is based on framework of socio-cultural theories. The specific view is on student initiations in whole class lessons and what is the nature of these initiations. Previous studies of classroom interaction has been made especially from teacher's point of view. Research about student interaction has been made about group work and peer interaction. Previous studies have shown that classroom talk is dominated by teachers, but students have growing possibilities to participate classroom discussions. The method of this study is video research and content analysis. The data was part of Learning Bridges – research project. The data was collected by videotaping one third grade class of 18 students and their teacher in comprehensive school. For this study I analyzed four lessons from which I searched for notable patterns considering research questions. The results indicated that student have an opportunity to construct classroom interaction and by making initiative turns they can affect in the content of discussion. Students initiative turns were firstly motivated by lesson themes, secondly classroom practices and thirdly questions that weren't related to ongoing lesson. Students initiative turns have an influence on student commitment. Student initiations were mostly directed to the teacher, but teachers and students constructed interaction mostly together. The study shows that teacher has a conducting role in classroom interaction that provides many possibilities for student participation. The study offers examples of in which way student initiations construct classroom interaction and what is the nature of these student initiations.

In my study I examine expatriate teachers' experiences of working abroad and the development of their professional identity. The starting point of my study is the idea that a person's identity is formed through interaction with other people and is a constantly changing process. My study is based on a narrative inquiry. This is because my intention has been to open up new perspectives to better understand the experiences of expatriate teachers, instead of trying to get measurable results. My research questions are: 1. What kind of image(s) do teachers give about expatriate teacher's work? 2. How do teachers reflect on their professional identities after their working period abroad? a) How do teachers experience the fact that they have been expatriate teachers? b) Have teachers' professional identities changed according to their stories? Four teachers who taught in Abu Dhabi as part of EduCluster Finland's education export program were interviewed. In my interviews I used the method of thematic interview which gave space for stories. In the data analysis I used the perspective of the different roles teachers held. This approach is based on Hermans' (2001) positioning theory according to which people have different roles depending on context and interaction with other people. In my first research question I used content analysis as a method to find out the different roles teachers held in their different social contexts. In my second research question I used Webster's and Mertova's (2007) critical event analysis to outline the conflicting roles from the data. In the end I focused more on the conflicting roles by using dialogical analysis based on Hermans' (2001) positioning theory. The results revealed that expatriate teachers have multiple roles many of which are in conflict with each other. From the roles of expatriate teachers were formed four different classes of conflicting roles through which the teachers reflected on their professional identity. As a result of their self reflecting process the teachers created an in between identity in order to survive among all the conflicting roles. In the end the teachers found their experiences as expatriate teachers positive but also educational. They experienced that the period abroad had an influence on their professional identities in different ways and that it brought change to their thinking as well as to their teaching in practice. The results of the research can be used in the development of teachers' international mobility and teacher education.

The objective of the study was to clarify how animal rights view and animal-protection appears in the adolescents´ perceptions of animals´ use in food production. In the animal rights view animals´ use is critically examined, whereas animal-protection focuses on the animal welfare without challenging animals´ use itself. Animal rights view was examined by two animal philosophic theories, preference utilitarianism and animal rights theory. In the examination of the animal-protection views utilitarianism and the ambivalence of the human-animal relationship served as a theory. The connection of diet followed by the young people to their views was also examined, because the earlier study shows that following vegan and vegetarian diet supports animal rights view more strongly, whereas the omnivore´s animal ethical views are multiple. Animal ethics has been presented to be added to the contents of the home economics subject, because it is strongly related to today's sustainability- and food education. The data of the study was collected as a part of a survey that was published in Helsingin Sanomat in March 2020. The analysis focused on the age group 15–25. Material included answers to one open question about animals' welfare and rights in food production. The material was qualitatively analysed by using thematic analyses. As a result, five themes were found: questioning of the animals' use, criticism of factory farming, promotion of welfare, defence of the Finnish production and defence of eating meat. The first two represented the animal rights view. Respondents questioning animals´ use considered using animals ethically problematic, whereas in the criticism of the factory farming the animals' intensive production was resisted but not animals' use itself. The animal-protection view appeared as a desire to promote the welfare on farm animals without criticising structures of the food production. The defenders of the Finnish production considered that the welfare is coming true well enough in Finland. A small group did not consider paying attention to the animals' rights and welfare at all important. Animal rights view was most common among vegans, which supports previous studies. Results can be utilized in the planning of teaching materials about farm animal welfare and rights.

The starting point of this study was to find out how the historical consciousness manifest in conceptions and experiences of Chilean refugees and their descendants. The previous research of historical consciousness has shown that powerful experiences such as the revolution and being a refugee may have an effect on historical consciousness. The purpose of this study is to solve how those experiences in the past have influenced Chilean refugees and their descendant's interpretations of the present and expectations for the future. The research material was collected by interviewing four Chilean refugees that escaped to Finland in years 1973 1976 and four young adults who represent the second generation. All second generation interviewees were born in Finland and their other parent or both parents were Chilean refugees. The two groups were not in a family relation to each other. The empirical part of the research was made by qualitative methods. The research material was collected by the method of focused interview and it was analysed by the qualitative data analysis software Atlas.ti 6.0. Content analysis was the main research tool. The previous theory of historical consciousness and the study questions was used to create the seven categories that manifest historical consciousness. The seven categories were biographical memory, collective memory, experiences of living between two cultures, idea of man, the essence of history and the reason for living, value conceptions and expectations of the future. Content analysis was based on those categories. Subcategories were based on the research material and were created during the analysis. The results of this study were made up of categories. The study revealed that experiences of revolution and of being a refugee has a significant role in the historical consciousness of the Chilean refugees. It became evident in their biographical memory being separated in three parts, in their values and in the belief of possibility of an individual to govern her own life. The second generation was also exposed to their parent's experiences in the past. The collective trauma in their parent's past has been part of their life indirectly and has affected the way they think of themselves, their concepts and their place in the present world. The active and regular retrospection in Finland by Chilean adults and special Gabriela Mistral club activities has played a big part in the construction of their historical consciousness.

Aims. Improved quality of life is considered to be the overarching goal of aphasia rehabilitation based on the social model. Around the world research has been done on the factors that affect the quality of life with people with aphasia. Different kinds of structured quality of life measurements have been developed that aim to enable people with aphasia to self-report quality of life. In Finland research on the subject has been scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the views of Finnish speech and language therapists (SLT) on the quality of life in aphasia rehabilitation and the prevailing clinical practices as well as to investigate how they compare internationally. Methods. For the purposes of this study a questionnaire composed by the Aphasia Committee of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP) was translated into the Finnish language. 64 questionnaires were filled out. The Finnish data was analysed by using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The data collected in this survey formed Finland's part of an international survey conducted by IALP, which allowed the comparison between the Finnish and international results. The international survey contained 581 respondents from 16 countries including Finland. The Finnish and international data were compared by cross tabulation and Chi Squared -test. Results and conclusions. According to Finnish SLTs it is important to incorporate into practice with aphasia several quality of life domains, such as communication, affect, in/dependence, social activities, personal outlook and in addition to consider life satisfaction, social support and environment. Almost all of the Finnish SLTs used interviewing as their primary method for assessing the quality of life, only four used structured quality of life measures. Internationally there were mentioned many different structured quality of life assessments. This study indicates explicitly that there is a demand for structured quality of life assessments in Finland. The results can be applied in developing education, research and clinical practice.

The purpose of the thesis is to interpret the range of discussion concerning consumerism and the significance of possessions, that is present in the media. The method used is interpretive structuralism, which is a form of discourse analysis. My research questions have emerged from the data and the analysing prosess has restructured and refined them during the prosess. The data consists of 26 Finnish articles and columns in which Marie Kondo’s The life-chaning magic of tidying up, other organizing books or voluntary simplifying are discussed. The articles have been published in 2014–2017. The context of the study is in the Finnish consumer society, the forming of which I will reflect in relation to the development of the western consumer society, massconsumption, throwaway society and the rapid transformation of the Finnish social structure among other things. The standard of living has been dependent on aquiring wealth and on the amount of posessions, but in a mature consumer culture the consumer can also enjoy the act of not consuming. In consumer cultures, consuming is the practice through which individuals take part in social life and bond with each other. The results of the analysis suggest that there are six discourses present in the data: The life-changing power of tidying up, Posessions as burdens, Ecology and restraining consumption, Womens status in the household, Consuming as entertainment and Historical effect ”the burden of scarcity”. A discourse includes various aspects and opinions, positive and negative, which rise from the range of discussion present in the data. These discourses are not clear-cut, they overlap and same topics might be discussed in many of them.

In this study, I examine how consumers choose wine. The research questions are as follows 1. What factors in general affect wine buying? 2. What factors influence choosing wine in the store environment? 3. What is the significance of responsibly consuming in choosing wine? The research background consists of research on wine-making, its environmental impact, as well as wine-labelling. This framework also includes the wine choosing- and consumer behaviorism theories. Previous research has shown that wine choosing is affected by price, country of origin, taste descriptions, as well as the labelling. The data consists of seven research subjects, of whom five were women and two men. The subjects were between 29-70 years of age, six subjects lived in the Helsinki metropolitan area and one in central Finland. The data were collected with the thinking aloud protocol, in which the subjects report their wine selection process by speaking aloud. All the wine selecting was done in the Alko store environment. The recorded data was transcribed, after which it was structured with content analysis to fit the research questions. The analysis highlighted the researcher's abductive reasoning, where the collected data and the theoretical framework alternated to answer the research questions. My research shows that wine consumption is social: it is consumed in everyday life, as a socializing drink, and in combination with food. The main wine selection factor is time. When there is little time the subjects either chose a familiar product, or ended up impulsively for a colorfully labelled product. With more time, the subjects spent more time on comparing products. Independent comparisons made in the selection process were aided by the Alko product information cards. They contain information about the price, flavor descriptions, as well as taste type classifications and food symbols. Alko customer service is valued and needed especially if you're looking for wines to pair with food. Sustainability and ecology did not largely influence wine selection. Except for organic wines, the subjects had incomplete knowledge in different wine growing methods and the associated labelling. In general, it can be stated that the less the consumer had knowledge of the label entries, the more frustrated they were, when there were several entries. All the subjects were, however, interested to know more of the entries. It seems that the information given by the Alko information cards and customer service, affect the customers attitude towards the different entries.

Aim. Previous research shows that social media use has increased among young people. There are many benefits to social media but also serious risks such as cyberbullying, which can have crucial consequences. The benefits of social media include contacting friends and family, gaining information and entertainment. It is important that children create good relationships with their classmates and that the students have a great class spirit, as it increases well-being at school and prevents bullying. Research shows that around 40 percent of students have witnessed bullying online and ten percent have been exposed. The teacher has an important role in creating a good class spirit, which has been proven to reduce bullying and that the teacher can be a safe support for victims. It is also important that the teacher teaches the student net etiquette. Since social media has increased in use over the past ten years there is a need for new research. The aim of the master´s thesis is to analyse how students in year 6 communicate with each other on social media and how social media affects students’ friendships and class spirit. Methods. The data for this qualitative research was collected through interviews with 21 students. The students were in year six in a Swedish-language school in southern Finland. The interviews were semi-structured and were done on site in school. The audio from the interviews was taped and transcribed. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis and the Atlas.ti program was used in the coding stage. Results and conclusions. The results show that all the students use social media in some form, but not all have permission from their parents to use more than one platform. Although no student confirmed that they are being excluded, some expressed that they sometimes feel outside of the community. The students said that no bullying had occurred in the past year. My conclusion is that the school has succeeded in building a strong class spirit and strong friendships. Even though cyberbullying cannot be completely monitored, the school has succeeded in preventing it. Based on the results, the school’s preventive work against bullying and how they create a good classroom spirit could be modeled in other schools, as it seems to work.

Objectives: Anxiety symptoms are among the most common psychiatric problems in late adulthood, and they have a wide negative impact on an individual's physical and psychological health. Stressful life experiences may increase anxiety symptoms throughout life, even in late adulthood. The purpose of this master's thesis was to study the association between stressful life experiences, such as self-reported trauma, low socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood and early separation from parents, and self-reported anxiety symptoms in late adulthood. Moreover, the aim was to examine if cumulative stressful life experiences are associated with a greater amount of anxiety symptoms in later life. Methods: This study comprised 1872 participants of the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study born in Helsinki in 1934-1944. The participants completed the BAI anxiety questionnaire in 2007-2009. In addition to this, 1266 of the participants completed the TEC questionnaire in 2001-2004, inquiring about traumatic events throughout life. Information about the participants' socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood and childhood separation from parents due to war was based on data from national registers. The association between the different stressful life experiences and anxiety symptoms in late adulthood was examined using linear regression analysis. Moreover, the number of traumatic experiences, the age in which trauma and separation were experienced, and cumulative stressful life experiences as risk factors for anxiety symptoms were examined using one-way ANOVA and t-tests. Participants' age, sex, parity and mother's age were used as covariates. Results and conclusions: As expected, higher amount of self-reported traumatic experiences were associated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms in late adulthood. This association was also found for physical and emotional trauma separately. Moreover, lower socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood were associated with a higher amount of anxiety symptoms. However, no significant association between childhood separation and later anxiety symptoms was found. Stressful life experiences both in childhood and in adulthood were associated with later anxiety symptoms. Cumulativeness of different stressful life experiences was associated with self-reported anxiety symptoms: the higher amount of stressful life experiences an individual had experienced during life course, the higher was the amount of anxiety symptoms. In conclusion, our results suggest that stressful life experiences throughout life course may increase anxiety symptoms in late adulthood.