Browsing by Subject "ohjaus"

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää Teknillisen korkeakoulun Tuotantotalouden osaston jatko-opintojenohjauksen nykykäytännöt ja kartoittaa jatko-opiskelijoiden kokemuksia jatko-opintojen ohjauksesta. Lisäksi haluttiin kehittää ohjauksen käytäntöjä. Tutkimusote oli kvalitatiivinen ja pääasialliset tutkimusmenetelmät olivat grounded theory ja teemahaastattelu. Jatko-opiskelijoita haastateltiin yhteensä 18 Tuotantotaloudenosaston kaikilta jatkokoulutuslinjoilta: perinteiseltä linjalta, valtakunnallisesta tohtoriohjelmasta ja teollisuuden tohtoriohjelmasta ExIMasta. Tutkimuksen teoriapohjana olivat konstruktivistinen oppimiskäsitys ja sosiaalikonstruktivismi. Tutkimuksessa pyrittiin löytämään tutkimuksen teon elementit ja selvittämään, kuinka tutkijankoulutusprosessia tulisi konstruktivistisen oppimiskäsityksen mukaisesti tukea. Tieteellisen tiedon tuottamista sosiaalisena prosessina ja ryhmän tukea tutkimuksen teossa käsiteltiin sosiaalikonstruktivistisen teorian avulla. Tutkimuksen päätulokseksi saatiin, että jatko-opiskelijan tutkimusprosessin ohjaamiseen kaivataan suunnitelmallisuutta ja struktuuria. Tutkimuksen tuloksena esitetyn ohjausmallin mukaan opiskelija halutaan aktivoida pohtimaan omia tavoitteitaan ja tutkimuksen teon etenemistä sekä ohjaustarpeitaan jatahoja, joista ohjausta voi hakea. Tämän prosessin tueksi sekä jatko-opiskelijan ja ohjaajan avuksi tutkimuksessa esitetään käytännön työkalu, ohjaussuunnitelma. Yksilöohjauksen järjestäminen on kaikilla jatkokoulutuslinjoilla opiskelijan omalla vastuulla, ja usein ohjaustilanteiden järjestäminen koetaan vaikeaksi. Jatko-opiskelijoilla on useita ohjaustahoja, esimerkiksi oman korkeakoulun ja muiden korkeakoulujen professorien lisäksi tutkijakollegat ja teollisuuden edustajat. Yksilöohjaus on menetelmä- ja sisältötukea, henkistä tukea, kannustusta, keskustelua, ideoita ja ajatusten jäsennystä. Vertaisohjaukseen kuuluu näiden lisäksi samassa tilanteessa olevien ihmisten tuki, palaute ja kritiikki. Hyvän ohjauksen elementtejä ovat kannustaminen ja innostaminen, neuvominen ja jäsentäminen sekä seuranta ja säännöllisyys. Ohjauksessa tulisi lisäksi ottaa huomioon jatkotutkinnon erilainen merkitys eri opiskelijoille. Jatkotutkinto merkitsee joillekin ajokorttia akateemiseen maailmaan, toisille ammatillista kehitystä teollisuudessa. Tutkimuksen teon eri vaiheissa tarvitaan erilaista ohjausta: alkuvaiheessa tiukkaa ohjausta, jotta tutkimuksen oikeat urat löytyvät, raakatyön vaiheessa tukea ja kannustusta, jotta aineistonkeruu ja analyysi onnistuvat, ja loppuvaiheessa tutkimusraportin kommentointia. Tutkimuksessa todetaan lisäksi, että tieto- ja viestintätekniikkaa hyödyntäen voidaan hoitaa joitakin ohjausalueita paremmin kuin nykykäytännöillä. Tutkimuksen tärkeimpiä lähteitä olivat grounded theoryn osalta Strauss & Corbinin(1990) teos, ohjauksen osalta Aittolan (1995), Aittolan & Määtän (1997, 1998) tutkimukset ja Ackerin,Hillin & Blackin (1994) tutkimukset sekä konstruktivismin osalta von Wrightin (1996) ja Tynjälän (1999) tutkimukset.

Aim of the study. Writing of master’s thesis plays a key role in university studies and is often considered as the most demanding assignment in the master’s degree. Therefore, understanding students’ perspectives related to the master’s thesis process is important. Previous studies have suggested that both individual factors and factors related to supervision are essential in a thesis process. Previous studies related to master’s thesis process have not explored these factors simultaneously. The purpose of the present study was to find out which individual and supervisory factors students identify important in master’s thesis process and which ones they consider as enhancing or impeding factors. The research questions were: Which individual factors do the students report significant in master’s thesis process? Which supervisory factors do the students report significant in master’s thesis process? What kind of student profiles can be identified based on the individual and supervisory factors? Methods. The data consisted of semi-structed theme interviews collected from nine educational science students who had completed their studies. The theme interviews dealt with enhancing and impeding factors in the thesis process, time management and thesis seminar and supervision. The interview data were qualitatively content analysed by using an abductive strategy. Based on the analysis of individual and supervisory factors, four different student profiles were identified. Results and conclusions. The results suggested that essential individual factors in master’s thesis process according to the students were motivation, self-efficacy, self-regulation and factors related to research process. Students described the factors related to self-regulation as the most significant in thesis process and reported them partly enhancing and partly impeding factors. Time management was especially considered as a challenging factor related to self-regulation. The students considered individual and group supervision as the most central of the supervisory factors, whereas peer supervision was not viewed important. Individual supervision was mostly considered as a resource in the thesis process, whereas group supervision was party viewed in negative light. Based on the individual and supervisory factors, four different student profiles were identified. The profiles indicated that the individual and supervisory factors interact with each other in the master’s thesis process. Supervision can strengthen motivation and endorse self-regulation. Considering both the individual and supervisory factors is important in developing the master’s thesis process and supervision practices.

Insecurity of working life has created a certain manner of speaking which emphasizes indi-vidual’s role as an ideal subject who is preoccupied by continuously improving oneself. Over the last few years youth policy has laid stress on different kinds of guidance and support sys-tems. In the center of the discussion is the social exclusion of the youth and its prevention. Young people’s access to public services was recognized as a crucial problem and conse-quently the Finnish government set up Youth Guarantee. One-Stop Guidance Centers (Ohjaamo) were established around Finland to meet these needs. They bring together differ-ent services providing guidance for housing, education and employment. This research considers how challenges with youth employment and marginalization are han-dled in multi-agency guidance and counselling. The point of interest is how multi-agency counselling is legitimized in One-Stop Guidance Centers. I also ask how young people’s sub-jectivity and counselling specialists’ subject positions are constructed in One-Stop Guidance Centers. The research data consists of six theme interviews with counselling specialists working in a One-Stop Guidance Center. Analysis method was discoursive reading. It was found that multi-agency guidance offered by One-Stop Guidance Center is linked to therapisation and ethos of vulnerability where handling and governing emotions has become an important part of today’s society. Social problems such as unemployment are pinpointed to originate from individual’s qualities. Improving self-knowledge and other measures directed to individual’s psyche are offered as a cure to these social problems. In multi-agency guidance the central practices consisted of improving youth’s self-esteem and building motivation. By building better self-knowledge and finding one’s strengths youth were guided to use their freedom of choice but also governed their expectations. Counsellors’ position was constructed between ambivalent objectives: on the one hand as an ally but on the other hand as a bureaucrat exercising power.

Aim: People with speaking disabilities have equal rights to functional interaction and communication as people without disabilities. These rights actualize only through the actions and skills of more able communicators. Guiding staff and family members is an important part of every speech and language pathologist's (SLP) job, especially if the client has severe learning disability. However, many SLPs experience guiding difficult and the results of staff communication training have been unsatisfactory. There are different models that can be used to help the process of indirect speech and language therapy. One of them is called Intensive interaction (II). Its role in enhancing interaction skills of more able communicators has only been studied a little. The purpose of this study is to find out if II is a meaningful approach to carry out indirect speech and language therapy. The aim was to find out if and how the interaction skills of a staff member change during an II process. The aim was also to figure out how she saw the significance of II. Methods: This research data were collected in the Communication and Technology Centre Tikoteekki of the Finnish Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. The data were collected during an II process that took place in 2014 and 2015 in a residential unit for people with learning disabilities. This study had two participants, one of whom was a resident with multiple learning and speaking disabilities, and the other one a staff member. The video material was composed of 14 interaction videos between the resident and the staff member, and one video of guidance discussion between the staff member and the mentoring SLP in the end of the process. The data were analysed according to the themes arising from the data, by mostly qualitative means. The changes in interaction skills were described with different tables and transcriptions. The guidance discussion was transcribed and analysed according to inductive analysis. Results and conclusions: The interaction style of the staff member became more sensitive and present. That change manifested through improvements in four elements of interaction: distance from the interaction partner, touching, quality and quantity of vocalization and tasklessness of interaction. The staff member saw II as a meaningful approach, especially for herself as an employee, but also for her interaction partner with multiple disabilities and more generally. These results suggest that II is a meaningful and effective means of mentoring significant others to become more sensitive, skillful and able interaction partners for persons with severe speaking disabilities. Additionally this study gives premises for further research on II and indirect speech and language therapy. In light of this research II is also important on societal level.

Graduation from university takes usually longer than the target time. This study focuses on exploring procrastinating university students. Strategic delayers and unnecessarily delaying students were excluded from the study. The aim of this study is to find out what kind of goal orientations procrastinators have and what kind of counselling would enhance study progress. Research questions were: 1) What kind of goal orientations procrastinators have? 2) What kind of needs of counselling procrastinators have? 3) Is there a connection between goal orientations and the need for counselling? Goal orientations were constructed on the basis of the students' goals, motivation and self-regulation skills. The data consist of transcribed interviews of eight students from Faculty of Arts. Students were identified as procrastinators in a previous study. The method of analysis was an abductive content analysis. Based on the data, categories that described most clearly students' goal orientations and needs of counselling were constructed. Connection between goal orientations and needs for counselling were explored by cross-tabulating goal orientations and needs for counselling which were found out of the data. As a result four goal orientation groups were formed: intrinsically motivated goal-oriented, intrinsically motivated without a goal, externally motivated goal-oriented, externally motivating without a goal. Students without a goal did not have a clear aim for the studies or for the future. Goal-oriented students knew what kind of degree they wanted and how to make use of it in the future. Intrinsically motivated students liked to study in itself and they were truly interested in learning new knowledge and developing their expertise. Externally motivated students were interested in the university degree and its value in the working life. The level of self-regulation skills were low in all groups except for the intrinsically motivated goal-oriented students. The needs for counselling formed three main groups: the lack of information, support for study skills and individual counselling. The lack of information included problems with course-registration, lack of study guide and general information after first autumn semester. Students needed support for writing scientific essays and for learning methods. Individual counselling was needed for making study plans. There was not a clear connection between goal orientations and needs of counselling. The needs for counselling were distributed unevenly. Most of the students experienced lack of information. The need for individual counselling was emphasized by students without a goal, which is explained with uncertain plans for studies and for the future. So, the need of counselling seems to be very individual and there is no connection to goal orientations. As a conclusion the course for personal study plan should be individualized so that the study plans would be checked together with supervisor. Learning methods and academic writing skills should be taught during the first study period. Individual counselling should be available throughout the studies, also after the first semester. Guidance services at the University of Helsinki should be clarified and a basic student counsellor office should be created.

Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract Children grow among digital media and its importance needs to be notified also in early education (Chaudron 2015). When young children engage with digital media, adult support and mediation in crucial to adequately balance positive and negative effects of media use (Kardefelt-Winther 2017).The motivation of this study is to research views of parents and early education professionals on children’s digital media use, its mediation and support and co-operation between home and early education environments. The three research questions were: (1) What are the views of parents and early education professionals on (1) children’s digital media use? (2) on mediation and support of children’s digital media use? (3) on collaboration between home and early year education setting? The study was conducted as an online survey in three out of ten early education districts in Helsinki, Finland in November 2019. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected in separate surveys for parents and early education professionals. Surveys were distributed through daycare unit managers to professionals and parents. The research data consists of 189 parents’ and 40 early education professionals’ answers. The quantitative analysis was conducted mainly non-parametric statistical tests. Qualitative analysis proceeded using data-oriented content analysis. The results show parents have diverse views on and attitudes towards children digital media use and that children’s media use is variable. Most children use digital media in moderation, some in considerable amount and a fraction not at all. Early education professionals see digital media use as natural part of children’s world and that parents balance well the media use of their children. Both see potential effects of digital media use on children’s self-regulation and emotional skills. Parent attitude towards digital media use by their children significantly differed by child gender, and parents of the boys had more concerns. Digital media use by adults and concern on adequate personal interaction were discerned from the results. Amount of time used on digital media and transitions from digital media use to other activities were identified as primary causes of conflict at home. Parents would like to receive more information on child-appropriate content, suitable time limits and research-based knowledge on positive and negative effects of digital media use. Early education professionals would need research-based recommendations and information on effects of media use on child development. Furthermore, they wish for clear guidelines and agreed practices for digital media use in daycare and preschool setting, as well as for digital media use -related collaboration with families. Parents had a positive view on collaboration, although experience on it was limited. Early education and preschool professionals, together with parents, would have a unique position to build moderate and many-voiced discourse on children digital media use during early years - a possibility not yet materialized to a full extent.