Browsing by Subject "raskaus"
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(2016)Aims: Many factors during pregnancy, including mother's diet, can affect mental health of the developing child. Preliminary studies have shown that being exposed to glycyrrhizin in licorice during pregnancy is associated with shorter duration of gestation and externalizing symptoms and lower cognitive performance in children. The evidence is still scarce and more research is needed. This study investigated the associations between maternal licorice consumption during pregnancy and externalizing and internalizing symptoms and social competence in children at the age of 5 and 8. Study also investigated whether exposure to glycyrrhizin during pregnancy is associated with change in symptoms or in social competence from 5 to 8 years. Methods: This study is part of Glycyrrhizin in Licorice (Glaku) cohort study. This study sample consists of 232 mothers, 128 fathers and their children born in 1998. Mothers reported their licorice consumption during pregnancy in maternity wards. Follow-up studies were carried when children were 5 and 8 years old, and both parents were asked to fill the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation –questionnaire (SCBE). SCBE gives information about child's behavior and functioning. Results and conclusions: Those 8-year olds, who were exposed to high amounts of glycyrrhizin (≥ 500 mg / week) during pregnancy, had higher risk for externalizing symptoms and lower social competence compared to those children, who were exposed to small amounts (0-249 mg / week) of glycyrrhizin during pregnancy. The heightened risk was not confounded by parental or neonatal parameters. Licorice consumption during pregnancy was not associated with mental health in 5-year old children. These results support the earlier findings that maternal licorice consumption during pregnancy has harmful effects on child's development. This evidence shows that avoiding licorice use during pregnancy could be of significant value when considering primary prevention of mental health problems.
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(2023)A lot of previous research on the meaning of food already exists. However, the meaning of food when pregnant has been studied very and therefore the purpose of this study was to fill this gap. Previous studies have shown that today’s consumers are not able to avoid making choices in relation to the food they consume but instead encounters them every day. Food choices on the other hand create tensions between the consumer and consumption when trying to integrate cultural and social pressures and standards with their own freedom of choice. The chosen and unselected foods in turn reflect the meanings that food receives and expresses. The aim of the study is to unravel the meanings of food while pregnant and to examine the tensions behind it using the binary categories developed by Mäkelä (2002). Also other studies concerning the binary categories are used. The study was carried out as a qualitative study using the narrative approach. The research data were collected from pregnant and within a year pregnant people during summer 2022 using the University of Helsinki’s e-form. The study invitation to write was distributed on Facebook in private Baby Groups and among those close to the researcher. The final data of the study consisted of 27 narratives from 19 to 42 years old respondents. The data were analysed by using a directed content analysis, utilizing in particular the conceptualization of Mäkelä's (2002) binary categories. As a result of the study, seven main meaning classes were formed to describe the meanings of food during pregnancy: food as discipline, food as a risk and threat, food as nourishment, food as identity and ideologies, food as a source of sensations and feelings, food as social relations and food as a source of health and well-being. In addition, the main meaning classes were divided into 17 additional upper meaning classes. Especially during pregnancy, food recommendations and restrictions, which appeared to be clearly shared norms, seemed to have an impact on the meanings of food. A distinct link behind the meanings of food to tensions was found. Based on these meanings of food, pregnant women find the healthy development of the fetus very important and therefore the binary categories concerning health and danger were highlighted in the narratives. It would be important to provide support from health care and from close ones so the pregnant mother would not be left alone with encountered tensions but would rather be able to enjoy the social side of food in addition to the child growing in the womb.
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(2015)Objectives. In previous research, prenatal stress has been associated not only with preterm birth and low birth weight but also with child temperamental characteristics and emotional development. There has been some variation in study methods and results across studies, study samples have been rather small, and the relationship between prenatal stress and child temperament is still not fully understood. Timing of prenatal stress has also been emphasized, but there have been only few studies of its effects on child temperament. This longitudinal study aimed to determine whether maternal prenatal stress is associated with mother- and father-rated temperament of 6-month-old infants. The study also assessed whether timing of prenatal stress or concurrent parental stress influence the associations. Methods. This study is a part of a broader, multidisciplinary Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia (PREDO) -project. The current study sample consisted of 2197 children and their parents, who were recruited from maternity clinics at weeks 12 + 0 to 13 + 6 of gestation. Mothers filled a stress-self-report questionnaire (the Perceived Stress Scale) biweekly throughout pregnancy, a total of 14 times. Mothers (n = 2197) and their spouses (n = 1235) rated temperamental characteristics of their about 6-month-old child with the Revised Infant Behaviour Questionnaire. The associations between prenatal stress and infant temperament were analyzed using linear regression, controlling for multiple perinatal and sociodemographic confounders and for concurrent levels of maternal and paternal stress. The mediation effect of maternal concurrent stress was analyzed using the Sobel test and the moderation effect using the one-way ANOVA. Results and conclusions. Higher maternal prenatal stress predicted both mother- and father-rated higher negative affectivity and lower orientating regulation, but not extraversion in 6-month-old infants. Mid- to late pregnancy stress had the strongest associations to these traits. Maternal postnatal stress moderated and partly mediated the association to negative affectivity and mediated the association to orientating regulation. Prenatal stress was significantly associated with negative affectivity only in the group of mothers who experienced lower prenatal stress. Nevertheless, even after controlling for concurrent maternal/paternal stress, the association between prenatal stress and both mother- and father-rated negative affectivity remained significant, but the association to orientating regulation remained significant only as father-rated. The results are in line with the fetal programming hypothesis and add to the growing body of literature about the importance of prenatal environmental factors in infant temperament development.
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(2015)Aims: The etiology of mental disorders in childhood is still partially unknown. In the last decades researchers have started to study the role of prenatal factors, for example maternal prenatal anxiety symptoms, on child psychological symptoms. In most previous studies prenatal anxiety has been studied as a part of stress and together with depression, so studies concerning particularly its association on child psychological symptoms are still rare. In this study we examine if maternal prenatal anxiety in different trimesters is related to child internalizing, externalizing and total problems at the age of 1 to 5 and does the timing of the prenatal anxiety symptoms matter to child symptoms. We also study if maternal postnatal anxiety mediates the association between prenatal anxiety and child psychological symptoms, and if there are differences between genders within these associations. Methods: This study is a part of the multi-disciplinary Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia (PREDO) -study's psychological branch. The sample size of the current study was 1962. Maternal pre- and postnatal anxiety symptoms were assessed with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) self-report questionnaire four times during pregnancy and when the child was 1 to 5 years old. Paternal anxiety symptoms were also collected with BAI six months after birth. Child's internalizing, externalizing and total problems at the age of 1 to 5 were assessed with The Child Behavior Checklist 1 1/2–5 - questionnaire rated by the mother. The associations were investigated using linear regression analysis, controlling for postnatal maternal and paternal anxiety symptoms, many sociodemographic factors and other factors associated with fetal development. Results and conclusions: Results indicated that higher maternal prenatal anxiety symptoms were associated with elevated internalizing, externalizing and total problems in the children. High anxiety symptoms especially during the last pregnancy trimester were essential considering child psychological symptoms. Moreover, although maternal postnatal anxiety symptoms partially mediated the association between maternal prenatal anxiety and child psychological symptoms, prenatal anxiety also had independent effects on psychological symptoms in the children. There were also differences between genders, since maternal prenatal anxiety during the first trimester appeared to be particularly important for boys' psychological symptoms. Results provide strong evidence that prenatal anxiety has a direct, independent effect on child's psychological symptoms and support the notion indicating that the fetal environmental factors have impact on child's development.
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