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  • Juntunen, Heidi (2020)
    Objectives: Dyslexia is a specific reading disorder with a neurobiological and heritable background. Delayed language development and deficient phonological processing have been associated with dyslexia. These linguistic difficulties may relate to atypical speech perception already in early childhood, which could offer a basis for an early identification of dyslexia risk and the development of interventions. In the current study, neural discrimination of speech features was studied in children with a familial risk of dyslexia using the mismatch response (MMR; mismatch negativity, MMN). The aim of the current study was to examine if MMR is atypical in children at risk of dyslexia, and if MMN responses are associated with early language abilities. Methods: 28 children with familial risk of dyslexia and 26 control children participated in EEG recordings and assessment of language abilities at two years of age. MMR amplitudes were recorded for discrimination of vowel duration, pitch, and vowel identity, and groups were compared using MANOVA. Linear regression was applied to examine if MMR responses explained the variation in speech comprehension, production, and vocabulary. Results and Conclusions: Statistically significant MMRs were observed for all features of speech and no group differences were found in MMR amplitudes. This indicates that both groups could discriminate sounds equally well at the automatic level of information processing. MMRs to vowel duration and identity were associated with language comprehension and production, unlike MMR to pitch change. Thus, the perception of phonemic changes seems especially relevant to language development. However, the relationship between MMRs and linguistic abilities differed between the two groups: MMR to vowel duration explained comprehension and production in the control group, whereas MMR to vowel identity explained production in the risk group. A longer follow-up time is needed to examine if MMRs also predict phonological processing and literacy skills in school age.
  • Salmi, Hanna-Kaisa (2021)
    During the past decade Finland has become an increasingly multilingual country, and the need for understanding bilingual development of children has grown. The purpose of this study is to analyze conversational self-repair used by sequential bilinguals. Examining children´s self-repairs provide information of their ability to monitor conversation and the development of their language skills. The aim is to investigate how 4-to-5-year-old children who adopt Finnish as their second language use self-repair to solve problems in speaking and to create mutual understanding. The repairs that are self-initiated or other-initiated by the adults are taken into account. The focus is to investigate how the self-repair is initiated, in which part of the repair sequence the correction takes place, and what is repaired. The data of this study is taken from the PAULA research project, which aims to investigate the impact of small group activities on supporting the language learning of children who acquire Finnish as their second language. The data was recollected in 2018 in a city that is located in southern Finland. The subjects of study (N=7) were between 4;11 and 5;7 years old. They were normally developed sequential bilinguals who participated in the small group sessions that took place in their daycares. The material (1h 49 min) consisted of video recordings of two different types of tasks, a fishing game and grocery store play. The video data was transcribed and analyzed by the means of conversational analysis. The results show that children who adopt Finnish as their second language initiate repairs in many lexical (e.g. repetitions, adding and changing words) and non-lexical ways (e.g. cut-off or non-verbally). Other-initiated repair sequences was pointed out by questions (e.g. what, which, or why), giving semantic or phonological cues and making direct corrections. The results shows that the self-repair was preferred. Most of the children´s self-repairs took place in the same turn with the problem and in the third position. However, some of the repair sequencies formed much more complex patterns. The self-repair was used to correct vocabulary, semantics, and the situation. In addition, nonverbal means became central both in marking the need for repair and using it as a repair. Nonverbal repairs were used for example to replace missing vocabulary, to create common understanding of the situation, or to guide the interpretation of the words and meanings. The results encourage to monitor children’s ability to repair their speech in verbal or nonverbal manner to support the speech and language skills that they are acquiring.
  • Elo, Laura (2020)
    Background and aims. Aphasia is a linguistic disorder most commonly caused by stroke. Aphasia manifests itself as difficulties in understanding and producing spoken or written language. Rehabilitation from aphasia requires the ability to learn. Previous studies have shown that individuals with chronic aphasia are able to learn and remember novel vocabulary in varying degrees. In addition, studies have shown that self-repair of speech is interrelated with linguistic recovery. However, the relationship between self-repair of connected speech and novel word acquisition in the non-chronic and chronic stages of aphasia has not previously been studied. The objective of this thesis is to describe the self-repair of connected speech and novel word learning ability in aphasic individuals and to determine whether self-repair and the ability to learn novel words are interrelated in the subacute (0–3 months) and chronic (12 months) stages of aphasia. Participants and methods. Four aphasic individuals were examined 0–3 months and again 12 months post-stroke within the Opi Sanoja research project at the University of Helsinki. Participants completed a computer-assisted learning experiment in which their aim was to learn the associations between novel words and images. Connected speech was collected from participants’ speech samples in a picture narration task, a stroke narrative and a thematic interview. The speech samples were transcribed according to the conventions used in conversation analysis and self-repairs were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively at both points in time. The relationship between self-repair and novel word acquisition was analyzed on a case-by-case basis and a group-level basis using scatter graphs and regression plots. Results and conclusions. Self-repairs of connected speech decreased and changed during the first year after stroke for all participants. The ability to learn novel words varied among the participants, but some participants were able to learn new words in the subacute and chronic stages of aphasia. On a case-by-case basis, no relationship was found between self-repair of connected speech and the ability to learn novel words in the subacute or chronic stages of aphasia. The learning ability in the subacute stage did not appear to predict the amount of self-repairs, nor the length of non-repaired problem sequences in the chronic stage. At the group level, in the subacute stage, there was a weak positive correlation between learning ability and self-correction rates, which turned negative in the chronic stage. There appeared to be a weak negative correlation between the length of non-repaired problem sequences and the ability to learn in the subacute stage, which disappeared in the chronic stage. However, group-level results were unreliable due to small sample size.
  • Lukkari, Eerika (2021)
    Aim. Rehabilitation of oral comprehension is important but challenging; there are few effective methods for rehabilitating oral comprehension. Virtual reality may provide effective rehabilitation methods, but research data on the use of virtual reality in speech therapy rehabilitation is scarce and the data have focused on adult aphasia patients and children with autism spectrum. These studies have provided promising evidence for the use of virtual reality in speech therapy, but there is a need for more research on virtual reality so it can be used effectively in speech therapy rehabilitation. The aim of this pilot study is to find out how the developed virtual reality exercise is suitable for oral comprehension rehabilitation and what kind of user experiences typically developed children aged 4–10 have from exercise. Methods. Eight typically developed children aged 4 to 10 years were selected for this pilot study. The material consisted of linguistic-cognitive assessments, the exercise with head mounted display and the data of the exercise, interviews with children and video recordings. The data of the exercise (total result, duration of the exercise, interruptions during the exercise and the angle of the gaze) were analyzed statistically and the interview data both statistically and qualitatively. Results and conclusions. The results show that the exercise performed in virtual reality provides reliable objective information about the relationship between gaze behavior and speech comprehension, and the variables, overall result, duration, interruptions, and angle selected for the study indicate performance in the exercise. The exercise developed based on these results is fit for purpose. The subjects found the exercise and virtual reality training interesting, but the motivation of the exercise still needs to be developed. The results cannot be generalized due to the small sample size, but due to the lack of relevant research data, they provide valuable information on the use of virtual reality in children’s speech therapy rehabilitation and support the view that virtual reality can provide effective rehabilitation methods for speech comprehension in the future.
  • Kaasalainen, Iina (2017)
    Aim. Neurogenic stuttering typically starts after brain injury. In previous research the variation of neurogenic stuttering between different tasks has been contradictory. There is a lack of domestic research on neurogenic stuttering and foreign material is similarly limited. Also, consistent practices between investigations are absent from the literature. The purpose of this study is to provide new information on neurogenic stuttering and other aspects of fluency in patients who have brain injuries.Methods. Five people with a brain injury and diagnosis of neurogenic stuttering after injury took part in this research. The control group consisted of five participants with a brain injury but without neurogenic stuttering. Speech tasks included cartoon narration and spontaneous speech. The data was analyzed by calculating speech and articulation rates, the total amount of pauses, non-fluent pauses, pause durations and pause types most commonly occurring for each task. In addition, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of stuttering were evaluated by calculating percentages and average duration of stuttering and by classifying different types of stuttering. Results and conclusions. The speech and articulation rate were slower in cartoon narration task in comparison to spontaneous speech. The durations of pauses were longer and more non-fluent pauses existed in cartoon narration task than spontaneous speech. In both tasks the most common type was the dysrytmic pause. In cartoon narration task, there was more stuttering whereas in spontaneous speech the durations of stuttering were longer in comparison to cartoon narration task. In this research speech task had influence on the variation of quantitative and qualitative characters of speech fluency on neurogenic stutterers.
  • Saloranta, Aila (2022)
    Speech pathologist is in charge of AAC implementation in Finnish health care. A speech impaired person can also be granted additional support from an AAC teacher as adaptation training. This service supports other means of rehabilitation. There is only little research on the teamwork of speech pathologists and AAC-teachers both internationally and in Finland, but it appears so that the teamwork has been rare but there is motivation for increasing the teamwork. This thesis tries to sort out the experiences of speech pathologists and communication teachers working inside the Helsinki metropolitan area regarding teamwork between the two different professional groups. This thesis focuses on what kind of experiances the professionals have, the factors affecting the teamwork and finding out what kind of teamwork is seen as beneficial for each professional´s own work. The subjects of this thesis were 21 speech pathologists and 12 AAC teachers working inside the Helsinki metropolitan area. The subjects worked as entrepreneurs or in private enterprises, basic health care, special health care or organizations. The working experience of the subjects varied between 1 and over 10 years. The data was gathered by a questionnaire and analyzed with inductive content analysis. The teamwork between speech pathologists and AAC teachers appears to not be common and sometimes there is no teamwork ar all. Both the speech therapists and AAC teachers are however motivated in increasing and developing the teamwork. The most important factors affecting the teamwork are challenges in timing, lack of knowledge and the flow of information. Both professional groups felt sharing information, joint goalmaking, setting a division of labour, joint planning and learning from each other to be beneficial. The challenges that hinder the teamwork cand be lessened by for example adding information and education in the matter.
  • Lampenius, Aida (2023)
    Children who are unable to express themselves with speech can use various communication aids. Often communication partners support and motivate the child to use an aid in various ways. This study increases understanding of how a speech and language therapist (SLT) can support using a speech generating device (SGD) and turn-taking in play interaction. Play interaction in which someone uses an SGD has been studied little. A typical interaction situation for a child is playing. Play is a natural and motivating context to strengthen and practice a child's communication skills. It is, therefore, relevant to know how to support aided play. When the partner can support and activate the child using the SGD to produce turns in the play interaction, the child using the SGD will get the opportunity to participate play and play can be made as flowing and successful as possible. The data of this thesis consisted of three play situations between an SLT and a school-aged child. The device that the child used for communication was tablet-based TAIKE -communication application. The data was filmed during speech therapy sessions. Conversation analysis was used as the method of the thesis. The next-turn-proof procedure was used for analysis. In addition to next-turn procedure, sequence structure was utilized in the analysis to perceive larger sequential context. In this thesis, the child produces the first and the second position turns with TAIKE as well as collaborative turn sequences with the SPL. The SPL supported the child using the SGD through various partner strategies, including time giving, modelling, sabotage, and verbal and gestural cues. The SLT regulated strategies to guide and support the use of the child's SGD if he did not act as expected by the SLT. The SLT varied strategies from motivating to direct cues and, if necessary, used more strategies sequentially or simultaneously. In this thesis, the child who practices using an SGD was noted to be more active in producing turns with the SGD when the communication partner supports him. In this thesis the natural orientation of conversationalists to alignment activities when interacting is not enough for the child using an SDG. The partner strategies used by the SPL take the play forward, strengthen the interactive roles of the conversationalists and guide to turn preference. The play interaction is an appropriate context to practice producing turns with an SGD and play can be seen as one strategy to support a child to use their device. Partner strategies used in play interaction give a child the opportunity to practice play and means to take the play forward. In their clinical work, speech therapists should consider how partner strategies can be a part of the motivational play and how play can be utilized as a strategy to support using an SGD.
  • Tappura, Hanna (2018)
    Aim: Due to the plasticity of the brain of a child under three years old early intervention can be very effective and affect the growth and development of the child extensively. As a concept early intervention is as yet unestablished within our healthcare system. The purpose of this study was to find out what kind of experiences Finnish speech-language therapists (SLTs) have about the assessment and the rehabilitation of children under three years old and the readiness of SLTs to work with these small children. The study also aimed to find out the reasons why small children are being sent to speech-language therapists. Methods: This study was done by a questionnaire and the material was gathered using an electrical survey with the E-lomake -program of the University of Helsinki between April and May 2016. The questionnaire was delivered to Finnish SLTs via the Finnish Assocation of Speech Therapists and four corporations that employ SLTs. The data was analysed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 24 -program using nonparameterized statistical tests and qualitative grouping. Results and conclusions: The questionnaire was answered by 194 SLTs out of which 111 worked regulary and 73 occasionally with children under three. The SLTs’ know-how about working with small children was mostly based on work experience. The professional capabilities were maintained and developed by additional trainings and literature. A degree in logopedics was considered to provide only minor capabilities toward working with small children. The results indicate that small children are sent to SLTs mostly because of disabilities and delayed speech development. The most popular assessment methods were tests, free observation and interviewing the child’s parents. AAC methods and playing were popular methods of rehabilitation. The practices in rehabilitating small children were varying and based on the available resources. According to the SLTs other healthcare professionals are not aware of what an SLT does and therefore their know-how is not utilized to it’s full extent.
  • Laapotti, Sanni (2017)
    Abstract Study aims: For many, working is a significant part of their daily life and thus well-being at work is considered important. Well-being at work consists of finding one's job meaningful and rewarding. In previous studies, work-counselling has been shown to be an effective method in supporting people's personal growth and ability to function in their professional lives as well as improving their well-being at work. Work-counselling aims to assist people in improving as employees and addressing problematic situations and experiences related to their work by means of reflective conversation. Work-counselling has been discovered to be particularly meaningful with employees within the healthcare sector. Very little research data on the experiences of speech and language therapists (SLT) with work-counselling exists in Finland or globally. The aim of this thesis was to find out how common work-counselling is with SLTs in Finland and how its impact on e.g. well-being at work are perceived by the SLTs. Additionally, the contents and guidelines of work-counselling as well as the goals and desires of SLTs relating to work-counselling were examined. Methods: The study was carried out in survey form via a web questionnaire by the University of Helsinki. The target group of the study were the members of the Finnish Association of Speech Therapists. The web questionnaire was sent to the 1222 members of the association in December of 2016. 330 SLTs participated in the survey, resulting in a response rate of 27%. The survey data was analyzed quantitatively using the IBM SPSS Statistics 24-software, with which means, frequencies, and percentages were calculated from answers to the survey’s multiple-choice questions. The open-ended answers in the survey were analyzed qualitatively by means of content analysis, classification, and grouping of the responses. Results and conclusions: 91% of the respondents reported having received work-counselling and close to half of them had received at least six work-counselling periods. The decision to seek work-counselling was in most cases initiated by the SLT. In most cases, the expenses of the latest work-counselling period were covered by the SLT's employer, and 32% of the respondents reported having paid for their own work-counselling. 84% of the respondents that had received work-counselling perceived it as beneficial and 15% reported having experienced varying benefits. The respondents expressed wishes to receive support in matters relating to occupational safety and their professional skills, including dealing with their professional roles, reviewing practical working methods, exchanging experiences, and professional tips and ideas. Reviewing difficult case studies was also a common desire. Matters relating to occupational safety, such as well-being at work, improving the functionality of the working community, and interaction were also mentioned as desired topics in work-counselling. The results of this thesis increase the understanding of SLTs' experiences with work-counselling. Considering the results presented in this thesis it can be concluded that SLTs experienced work-counselling as an important part of their professional activity that plays a significant role in securing their well-being at work.
  • Yli-Krekola, Elli (2019)
    Tavoitteet. Lähi-ihmisten roolia puheterapiassa painotetaan nykyään. Ympäristön tuen ja osallistumisen merkitys perustuvat mm. ICF-luokitukseen ja ekologisen teorian mukaiseen perhelähtöiseen toimintamalliin. Perheet nähdään aktiivisina toimijoina, joiden kanssa tehtävällä yhteistyöllä voidaan mahdollistaa heidän osallistumisensa. Aiheen ajankohtaisuudesta huolimatta siitä on varsinkin suomalaista tutkimusta toistaiseksi hyvin vähän. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kartoittaa perusterveydenhuollon puheterapeuttien näkemyksiä perheiden osallistumisesta puheterapiaan. Lisäksi selvitettiin kieli- ja kulttuurierojen mahdollisia vaikutuksia yhteistyöhön ja osallistumiseen, sillä lisääntyvä monikielisyys ja -kulttuurisuus voivat tuoda lisähaasteita puheterapian toteuttamiseen. Menetelmät. Tämä tutkimus toteutettiin teemahaastatteluina. Haastateltaviksi saatiin yhteensä seitsemän Espoossa ja Helsingissä työskentelevää puheterapeuttia, jotka olivat valmistuneet 6–40 vuotta sitten. Aineisto kerättiin kesän 2018 aikana, ja litteroinnin jälkeen se analysoitiin aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin keinoin Atlas.ti-ohjelmaa apuna käyttäen. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Perheet voivat osallistua perusterveydenhuollon puheterapiaan monin eri tavoin. Vaikka puheterapeutit kokivat perheen osallistumisen tärkeänä osana puheterapiaa, perheiden kanssa tehtävässä yhteistyössä ja perheiden osallistumisessa nähtiin esiintyvän monia haasteita, jotka liittyivät esimerkiksi perheiden vaikeisiin elämäntilanteisiin tai motivaation tai huolen puuttumiseen. Erilainen kieli- ja kulttuuritausta nähtiin usein yhteistyön ja osallistumisen lisähaasteena. Perheiden motivoimiseen ja osallistamiseen oli käytössä monia keinoja. Puheterapeuttien toiminnassa perheiden kanssa ja perheiden osallistamisessa esiintyy perhelähtöisiä piirteitä. Kulttuurinen kompetenssi toteutuu puheterapeuttien työskentelyssä erilaisten perheiden kanssa, mikä näkyy erilaisten kulttuurien arvostuksena ja pyrkimyksenä ottaa erilaiset kieli- ja kulttuuritaustat monipuolisesti huomioon.
  • Takala, Jenni (2020)
    The aim of this study is to examine speech-language therapists’ evaluations after the clients’ responses in naming exercises in order to unpack the actions and structures of evaluations on interaction in the speech-language therapy of children with developmental language disorder (DLD). Especially evaluations during exercises after the client’s response are significant when supporting the client’s learning, even though feedback can be included in many stages of therapy. Previous studies of speech-language therapy interaction have mostly focused on therapy interaction generally, or on feedback in adults’ speech-language therapy, but research on evaluations in children’s speech-language therapy are still very few. At the moment the speech-language therapists’ knowledge of therapy interaction and evaluative actions is mainly empirical. Detailed analysis and knowledge of feedback would benefit speech therapists’ and speech therapy students’ ability to analyse their own evaluative actions, and ability to help parents to improve their interaction skills with their child. The method used in this study was conversation analysis developed by sociologists Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. The data consisted of 10 videotapes of DLDs speech-language therapy, filmed by Tuula Tykkyläinen for her doctoral thesis in late 1990s. Naming tasks with third turn feedback from 10 therapy videos were included in this study. Subjects were four speech-language therapists and five children ages 5;0 - 6;0. The naming and feedback sequences were transcribed in detail, and the feedback actions and structures were analysed. The frequencies of feedback structures were counted. With feedback actions speech-language therapists either approved the child’s naming response, or in case of incorrect responses, helped the child to produce correction or produced themselves the correct naming. There were found structural similarities in the feedback turns and ways speech-language therapists facilitate learning and the interaction between the speech-language therapist and the client. The post-expansions of feedback turns were also found to be significant in the rehabilitation of naming along feedback turns. The results mainly confirm previous findings and increase the knowledge on speech-language therapists’ evaluations. The results help observation and conceptualization of evaluative actions especially in the speech-language therapy of children with DLD.
  • Tjeder-Virkkilä, Kristiina (2024)
    Tausta ja tavoitteet. Puhevammaiset henkilöt käyttävät usein kommunikoinnin apuvälineitä arjen kommunikoinnissaan. Nykyiset kommunikoinnin apuvälineet mahdollistavat kommunikoinnin, mutta niiden avulla voi olla haastavaa osallistua arjen vuorovaikutustilanteisiin. Teknologinen kehitys on mahdollistanut uudenlaisten apuvälineteknologioiden kehittämisen. Kehitteillä on esimerkiksi puettavia kommunikoinnin apuvälineitä, niin sanottuja älyvaatteita. Uusien kommunikoinnin apuvälineiden kehittäminen on tarpeen, jotta puhevammaisilla henkilöillä on mahdollisuus kouluttautua, tehdä töitä, muodostaa sosiaalisia suhteita ja osallistua tärkeisiin aktiviteetteihin. Puhevammaisten henkilöiden kommunikointitarpeet ovat viime vuosikymmenten teknologisen kehityksen ja digitalisaation myötä laajentuneet verkkovälitteiseen vuorovaikutukseen. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on lisätä ymmärrystä puhevammaisten nuorten nykyisten kommunikoinnin apuvälineiden käytettävyydestä ja viestintäteknologian käytöstä. Tutkielma avaa myös puhevammaisten nuorten näkemyksiä älyvaatteen käyttömahdollisuuksista kommunikoinnin tukena. Tutkittavat ja menetelmä. Tutkielman aineisto kerättiin järjestämällä ideointityöpaja, johon osallistui kolme puhevammaista nuorta. Ideointityöpaja toteutettiin puolistrukturoituna haastatteluna. Aineisto analysoitiin aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin keinoin, jonka avulla tulokset ryhmiteltiin kolmeen teemaan: kommunikointi nuorten arjessa, nuorten suhde viestintäteknologian käyttöön ja nuorten näkemykset älyvaatteen käyttömahdollisuuksista kommunikoinnin tukena. Tulokset. Ideointityöpajaan osallistuneet puhevammaiset nuoret olivat pääosin tyytyväisiä nykyisiin kommunikoinnin apuvälineisiinsä. Nuorten kokemat rajoitteet apuvälineen käytössä vastasivat aikaisempia tutkimustuloksia aiheesta. Kommunikoinnin apuvälineen käytettävyys erilaisten viestintäsovellusten kanssa, toiminnallisissa harrastuksissa ja vaihtelevissa sääolosuhteissa vaikuttivat heidän osallistumiseensa arjessa. Ideointityöpajaan osallistuneet puhevammaiset nuoret olivat taitavia ja monipuolisia teknologian käyttäjiä. Kiinnostus teknologian mahdollisuuksia ja kehitystä kohtaan vaihteli kuitenkin osallistujien välillä, osallistujista yksi käytti viestintäteknologiaa vähäisemmissä määrin. Teknologian ja viestintäteknologian merkitys näyttäytyi nuorten arjessa erittäin tärkeänä, ja side viestintäteknologiaan arjen mahdollistajana oli voimakas. Älyvaatteen toimintaidea herätti nuorissa jonkin verran varautuneisuutta, nuoret kyseenalaistivat sen tarvetta ja yksi osallistujista ilmaisi huolta esimerkiksi tahattomien liikkeiden aiheuttamista vahinkoviesteistä. Nuoret suhtautuivat toisaalta uteliaasti älyvaatteen käyttömahdollisuuksiin erilaisissa toiminnallisissa harrastuksissa ja mahdollisuuteen ideoida ja olla mukana kehittämässä uusia kommunikoinnin apuvälineitä. Johtopäätökset. Osallistamalla teknisesti taitavia puhevammaisia henkilöitä kommunikoinnin apuvälineiden suunnitteluun on mahdollista kehittää apuvälineitä, jotka tukevat yhä paremmin puhevammaisten henkilöiden moninaisia kommunikointitarpeita. Tulevaisuudessa kommunikoinnin apuvälineiden kehitystyössä tulisi hyödyntää puhevammaisten runsasta kokemustietoa osana moniammatillista kehitystyötä, jotta uudet kehitettävät apuvälineet vastaisivat yhä paremmin puhevammaisten henkilöiden tarpeita, ja jotta apuvälineissä voitaisiin hyödyntää uusimpien teknologioiden mahdollisuuksia ja apuvälineiden hylkäämisaste pienenisi.
  • Grujic, Nikola (2022)
    Tausta Pulmonaaliatresia on yksi harvinaisimpia ja vakavimmista synnynnäistä sydänvioista, jonka esiintyvyys maailmanlaajuisesti vaihtelee 4–10/100 000 elävänä syntynyttä lasta kohti. Vian hoidotta jättäminen johtaa merkittävällä osalla varhaiseen kuolemaan ja ainoa parantava hoito on leikkaushoito. Nykyään suurin osa pulmonaaliatresioista diagnosoidaan jo varhain raskaudessa, jonka seurauksesta synnytys voidaan etukäteen suunnitella ja hoitoon pääsy nopeutuu huomattavasti. Pulmonaaliatresian perustana on keuhkovaltimoläpän kehityksellinen vika. Pulmonaaliatresia voidaan jakaa alatyyppeihin kammioväliseinärakenteen mukaan. Pulmonaaliatresiapotilaiden pitkäaikaisennusteet vaihtelevat eri keskusten välillä ja tutkimukset, joissa potilaiden seuranta-aika on pitkä on harvassa. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa pyritään selvittämään pulmonaaliatresiapotilaiden pitkäaikaisennustetta. Aineisto ja menetelmät Kirjallisuuskatsaus tehtiin PubMed ja OVID Medline -tietokannoista käyttämällä hakusanoja ”pulmonary atresia”, ”intact ventricular septum”, ”VSD”, ”MAPCAs”, ”outcome”, ja ”survival” sekä niiden yhdistelmiä. Haku rajoitettiin 1993–2021 julkaistuihin artikkeleihin. Löydökset Tutkimuksessa verrattiin eri aineistoissa julkaistujen potilaiden pitkäaikaisia elossaolo-osuuksia keskenään. Vuoden 2010 jälkeen julkaistuissa aineistoissa potilaiden elossaolo-osuudet olivat korkeammat kuin ennen vuotta 2010 julkaistuissa aineistoissa. Potilaiden keskimääräiset NYHA-luokat olivat I- tai II tutkimusten lopussa kaikissa alaryhmissä. Pohdinta Yhdessä varhaisen diagnostiikan, varhaisen konservatiivisen ja kehittyneen leikkaushoidon kanssa, pulmonaaliatresiapotilaiden pitkäaikaisennusteet ja elämänlaatu ovat parantuneet vuosikymmenten aikana. Vaikkakin pitkäaikaisennusteet ovat selkeästi parantuneet, pitkäaikaisennusteesta tarvitaan lisää tutkimuksia, sillä tutkimuksia pitkillä seuranta-ajoilla on harvakseltaan ja leikkaushoidot vaihtelevat eri keskusten välillä vaikeuttaen pitkäaikaisennusteiden vertailua keskenään.
  • Ukkonen, Emilia (2023)
    Objective. Earlier research has found that subjects with normal color vision and deuteranopes (who lack cone photoreceptors sensitive to green light alias green cones) perceive a dim red light faster than a blue light in darkness, whereas protanopes (who lack cone photoreceptors sensitive to red light alias red cones) perceive them as fast. Therefore, it seems that red cones have a strong effect on the perceived timing of the stimuli. By using a reaction time task, this study aimed to ensure that those results are due to the effect of red cones rather than an artefact caused by the subjects perceiving the colors of the stimuli. In addition, the aim was to study whether this speed difference has a direct effect on motor behavior. Methods. Four protanopes, four deuteranopes and seven subjects with normal color vision took part in the experiments. The intensity levels of the lights used in the reaction time task were determined based on detection threshold measurements. In the reaction time task, dim red and blue lights were presented to dark adapted subjects in a random order at ten visual degrees’ distance from fixation. Subjects’ task was to react to them as fast as possible by pressing a button. A generalized linear mixed model was fit to the data. Results and conclusions. The results showed that there was no difference in the reaction times to red and blue light for protanopes. Deuteranopes reacted to red light approximately 89 ms faster than to blue light, and subjects with normal color vision reacted to red light approximately 63 ms faster than to blue light. The intensity of the lights had little if any effect on the speed difference. The results indicated that observers with normally functioning red cones not only perceive red lights faster than blue light but also react to red light faster.
  • Vesterlin, Jenni (2019)
    Kielisyöpä luokitellaan suuontelon syöpiin, jotka ovat yleisimpiä pään ja kaulan alueen syöpiä. Kielisyövällä on useita altistavia ja suojaavia tekijöitä. Terveellisten elintapojen on esimerkiksi osoitettu suojaavan syövältä, ja ruokavaliossa kasvikset ja vihannekset vähentävät syöpäriskiä merkittävästi. Puolukka sisältää erilaisia polyfenoliyhdisteitä, joiden on todettu muun muassa vaikuttavan solun sisäisiin signaalireitteihin ja suojaavan soluja oksidatiiviselta stressiltä. Tutkielmani hypoteesina oli, että puolukkauute vähentää kielisyöpäsolujen jakaantumista eli proliferaatioita in vitro. Laboratoriokokeissani analysoin kahta kaupallista kielisyöpäsolulinjaa (SCC-25 ja HSC-3). Käytin kolmea eri fermentoidun puolukkauutteen (Fermented Lingonberry Juice, FLJ) konsentraatioita (500 μg/ml, 2500 μg/ml ja 5000 μg/ml) ja vertasin eri uutemäärien vaikutusta kontrollisolujen jakaantumiseen. Proliferaatiota tutkin enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, eli ELISA-menetelmällä BrdU-merkkiaineen avulla käyttäen Cell proliferation, ELISA BrdU -kittiä. Analysoin tulokset mittaamalla solujen lukumäärää kuvaavat absorbanssiarvot ja tein tuloksista tilastolliset analyysit. Puolukkauute vähensi merkitsevästi suurempina (2500 μg/ml ja 5000 μg/ml) pitoisuuksina molempien kielisyöpäsolulinjojen proliferaatiota. Solulinjojen välillä oli eroa siten, että FLJ teho oli suurempi vähemmän aggressiiviselle SCC-25 solulinjalle kuin selkeästi aggressiivisemmalle HSC-3 solulinjalle. Yhteenvetona voin todeta, että puolukkauute vähensi kielisyöpäsolulinjojen jakaantumista in vitro mahdollisesti marjassa olevien polyfenoliyhdisteiden ansiosta. Tarkka mekanismi puolukan sisältämien yhdisteiden vaikutuksesta syöpäsolujen jakaantumisen ehkäisemisessä ei kuitenkaan ole vielä selvillä, vaan lisätutkimusta molekyylitason mekanismien selvittämiseksi tarvitaan. Tulokseni on julkaistu In VIVO –julkaisusarjassa 2018 ja alkuperäisartikkeli on tutkielmani liitteenä.
  • Hämäläinen, Jari (2010)
    Syventävät opintoni koostuvat teoriaosuudesta sekä kliinisestä ortodontiasta Helsingin yliopistohammasklinikalla. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen aineisto perustuu ortodontian oppikirjallisuuteen sekä Helsingin yliopiston Lääketieteellisen tiedekunnan Hammaslääketieteen laitoksen ortodontian opetukseen ja kurssimateriaaliin muistiinpanoineen. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa käsiteltäviä asioita ovat kasvojen kehitys, purennan kehitys, purentavirheiden hoito, hammaskaaren tilantarpeen arviointi, pehmytkudosten ja profiilin arviointi, kefalometrinen analyysi sekä hampaistoiän määritys. Syventävien opintojeni kliininen osuus käsittelee QH-kojeen käyttöä sivustan ristipurennan hoidossa sisältäen Helsingin yliopistohammasklinikalla tekemäni kliiniset toimenpiteet sekä kliinisen teoriaosuuden. Potilaani oli oikean sivustan ristipurennan omaava 7-vuotias terve tyttö, jonka ortodontinen hoito tehtiin QH-kojeen avulla. Kliinisessä osuudessa käsitellään anamneesia, kliinistä tutkimusta ja kefalometristä analyysiä, sekä esitellään potilastapaus. Potilastapauksen käsittely sisältää seuraavat osiot: alkutarkastus, hampaistoikä, tilanarviointi hammaskaarilla kipsimalleista, röntgen- ja kefalometrinen analyysi, purennan analyysi, diagnoosi, tavoite ja hoitosuunnitelma, hoito- ja kontrollikäynnit, hoidon lopetus ja retentio sekä pohdinta
  • Ettilä, Aino (2021)
    Syventävät opintoni koostuvat kirjallisuuskatsauksesta ja kliinisestä potilastapauksesta HUS Suusairauksien opetus- ja hoitoyksikössä. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen kirjallisuus on haettu PubMed:istä, Ovid Medline:sta ja Medic:istä käyttäen termejä distal occlusion, retrognathic mandible, eruption guidance, Occlus-o-Guide, LM activator ja eruption guidance device. Käsiteltäviä asioita ovat eri purennanohjainten vaikutukset purennan kehitykseen, hoitotuloksen retentioon ja mahdolliset relapsit hoidon jälkeen. Purennanohjaimet ovat laaja joukko tehdasvalmisteisia kojeita, joilla on tarkoitus ohjata kehittyvää purentaa oikeaan kuspidaatioon. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa käsiteltävät Occlus-o-Guide, Nite-Guide ja LM aktivaattori korjasivat toisen luokan purentasuhdetta ja pienensivät ylipurentoja. Retentioaikana molaarisuhde jatkoi kehittymistään kohti ensimmäisen luokan purentasuhdetta. Relapseja tapahtui osassa parametreistä, mutta hyvän hoitomyöntyvyyden omaavilla potilailla ei juurikaan tapahtunut relapsia ylipurennoissa. Syventäviin opintoihin kuuluu myös potilastapaus. 106 sanaa
  • Pelkonen, Esteri (2016)
    Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää kirjallisuuden avulla pysyviin hampaisiin kohdistuvien vammojen etiologia, diagnostiikka, hammasvammojen tyypit ja hoito sekä vamman jälkeen esiintyvät komplikaatiot ja tekijöitä, jotka johtavat komplikaatioihin vamman jälkeen. Tutkielma toteutettiin kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Kirjallisuus kerättiin PubMed-tietokannasta ja Dental Trauma Guidesta. Suun alueelle kohdistuvista vammoista jopa 92% on hammasvammoja. Hammasvamma voi aiheutua missä ikävaiheessa tahansa, niiden ollessa kuitenkin yleisempiä lapsilla ja nuorilla. Hammasvammat voidaan jakaa kolmeen päätyyppiin: hampaan kovakudoksen vammoihin, tukikudoksen vammoihin ja alveoliluun murtumiin. Yleisimmin vammat ovat lieviä. Hammasvammaan johtaneet syyt, vamman tyyppi ja vakavuusaste ovat tärkeitä tunnistaa, jotta hoito on mahdollista antaa ja ajoittaa adekvaatisti. Hoidon kiireellisyys luokitellaan hammasvamman vakaavuusasteen perusteella. Hammasvamman hoitoperiaatteet ja komplikaatioiden todennäköisyys riippuvat vamman tyypistä ja vakavuusasteesta. Yleisimpiä komplikaatiot ovat vaikeiden hammasvammojen jälkeen. Komplikaatioiden ilmeneminen hammasvamman jälkeen on yleisempää, kun hoidossa ei ole noudatettu hoitosuosituksia. Hammasvammat ovat varsin yleisiä, etenkin lapsilla ja nuorilla. Hoidon toteutus suositusten mukaisesti vähentää vamman jälkeisiä komplikaatioita.
  • Laine, Katarina (2015)
    Objective of this article was to analyze whether the reporting of the 3rd and 4th degree obstetric anal sphincter injuries differ between the patient data recording systems. The study was retrospective. The setting included all six delivery units in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS) comprising one third of all deliveries in Finland. Population was all deliveries in HUS in 2012 (n=18099). The incidence of the sphincter injury was extracted from three electronic medical record (EMR) systems (Obstetrix, Opera and Oberon), using the national versions of International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD10) and the Nordic Classification of Surgical Procedures (NOMESCO). All observed cases were studied carefully from the patient records and the reliability of different systems was analyzed and compared to the data reported to national registers (MBR Medical Birth Register and HDR Hospital Discharge Register). Main outcome measure was sphincter injury rate in delivery units. We found that the actual rate of sphincter injury in all the EMRs combined in HUS was higher (1.8%) than the rate delivered from any single reporting system (from 1.5% to 1.7%) and varied even more among single delivery units. The coverage in the MBR (88%) was much higher than in the HDR (3%). In conclusion the simultaneous use of several patient data recording systems is confusing and prone for systematic errors. One common database – preferably an EMR with a structured format - would clarify the registering and enable reliable quality reports creating a sustainable base for quality improvements.
  • Holmström, Oscar; Linder, Nina; Lundin, Mikael; Moilanen, Hannu; Suutala, Antti; Turkki, Riku; Joensuu, Heikki; Isola, Jorma; Diwan, Vinod; Lundin, Johan (2015)
    Introduction: A significant barrier to medical diagnostics in low-resource environments is the lack of medical care and equipment. Here we present a low-cost, cloud-connected digital microscope for applications at the point-of-care. We evaluate the performance of the device in the digital assessment of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) expression in breast cancer samples. Studies suggest computer-assisted analysis of tumor samples digitized with whole slide-scanners may be comparable to manual scoring, here we study whether similar results can be obtained with the device presented. Materials and methods: A total of 170 samples of human breast carcinoma, immunostained for ER expression, were digitized with a high-end slide-scanner and the point-of-care microscope. Corresponding regions from the samples were extracted, and ER status was determined visually and digitally. Samples were classified as ER negative (<1% ER positivity) or positive, and further into weakly (1-10% positivity) and strongly positive. Interobserver agreement (Cohen's kappa) was measured and correlation coefficients (Pearson's product-momentum) were calculated for comparison of the methods. Results: Correlation and interobserver agreement (r = 0.98, p < 0.001, kappa = 0.84, CI95% = 0.75-0.94) were strong in the results from both devices. Concordance of the point-of-care microscope and the manual scoring was good (r = 0.94, p < 0.001, kappa = 0.71, CI95% = 0.61-0.80), and comparable to the concordance between the slide scanner and manual scoring (r = 0.93, p < 0.001, kappa = 0.69, CI95% = 0.60-0.78). Fourteen (8%) discrepant cases between manual and device-based scoring were present with the slide scanner, and 16 (9%) with the point-of-care microscope, all representing samples of low ER expression. Conclusions: Tumor ER status can be accurately quantified with a low-cost imaging device and digital image-analysis, with results comparable to conventional computer-assisted or manual scoring. This technology could potentially be expanded for other histopathological applications at the point-of-care.