Browsing by master's degree program "Magisterprogrammet i lantbruksvetenskaper"

The intensification of milk production has increased the size of farms and reduced the use of pastures in recent decades worldwide. The interest in farm animal welfare and the climate impact of dairy products is growing. Offering dairy cows full-time pasture access has declined, but there are other possibilities to provide outdoor access for dairy cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two outdoor management systems on the feeding behaviors and productivity of lactating dairy cows. This study was conducted at the University of Helsinki research barn’s freestall and adjacent pastureland in Viikki. The experimental design was a replicated 3x3 Latin square. Twenty-seven Ayrshire cows were divided into nine squares. During the experiment, cows went through three 21-day periods. Cows in squares were assigned to the following treatments: partial access to pasture with sufficient forage for grazing (pasture), partial access to pasture without grazeable forage (paddock), and indoor confinement. Milk yield and ECM were greater in the paddock than in the pasture treatment. Part-time grazing led to an energy deficit because pasture cows had the lowest milk yield. Outdoor access reduced the content of saturated fatty acids and increased the content of monounsaturated fatty acids in milk. Pasture cows spent 30% of their outdoor time eating and paddock cows 27%. Paddock cows used 15% of their total eating time eating TMR and 12% attempting to graze. Pasture cows ruminated the most between 12:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., and indoor cows ruminated more than outdoor cows between 7:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Outdoor cows ruminated more than indoor cows from 6:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. The cows on the pasture produced less methane per day than the paddock cows. However, methane production in g/kg ECM was not different among groups. According to this study, grazing seems to be a motivating activity for dairy cows. Providing TMR outdoors can be beneficial for the welfare of dairy cows because it enables a choice between feeds and helps to maintain milk yields. Partial outdoor access changed the diurnal pattern of rumination but not the total time used for rumination. There were no differences in milk’s polyunsaturated fatty acid contents between treatments, but eating fresh grass modified the cow’s milk to be healthier.

Trees are the most visible part of urban vegetation, and they provide many ecosystem services which cannot be replaced. The ability to sequester and store carbon (C), balance peaks of storm water flows, regulate microclimate and provide shade in heat waves are dependent on the size and the vitality of a tree. Through the root system, abiotic and biotic factors in growing medium have a role in tree health and size. Tree fine roots and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) root tips, which are the most distal part of root system, have a crucial role in maintenance of tree vitality as they are responsible of water and nutrient uptake. Growing conditions in urban environments differ from those in natural environments. However, urban tree fine roots and EcM root tips are a scarcely studied subject. In this thesis I studied fine root growth, phenology, depth distribution, annual production, and the number of EcM root tips of three different tree species (Tilia cordata, Tilia × europaea and Betula pendula) growing in three different urban greenspaces (park, street site, unmanaged forest patch). In addition, I studied the effect of site, soil temperature, and soil moisture on root elongation. Fine root elongation was observed by a minirhizotron image system below ground from May until November 2020. Root production and the number of EcM root tips was studied by the ingrowth core method. Betula pendula had the highest fine root elongation among the three tree species, which can at least partially be explained by species-specific differences. Growing site had a statistically significant effect on root elongation, but also the thermal sum of soil temperature and the level of relative extractable water affected root elongation. Average height and trunk diameter between Tilias grown at the Garden and Tilias grown at the street side were different relative to their age. Tilias had clearly less EcM root tips on the street side, their fine roots elongated more, and the amount of dead roots was slightly higher than at Garden, indicating that root turnover rate was faster for street trees as they tried to absorb nutrient in a poorer environment. Based on previous studies, differences in fine root elongation between sites were expected, as e.g. rising of the temperature has been found to affect positively to root elongation. Additionally, the poor nutrient status of the growing medium has also previously been found to increase root growth. The site and the characteristics of the growing medium can has a significant effect on the fine roots and thus on the growth and vitality of the entire tree.

Tiivistelmä – Referent - Abstract Potato late blight is caused by Phytophthora infestans -fungus and is considered as one of the most destructive potato diseases worldwide. Annually, late blight causes large economical losses and causes destruction as well on leaves and stems as in tubers. Potato late blight can be controlled by fungicides but due the P. infestans genetic flexibility and resistance for fungicides is increasing, the controlling of the disease must me optimized. The current way to prevent late blight in Finland is to spray crops about every 7-10 days. To reduce the risk for resistance the use of pesticides should be reduced, and application times optimized. Application times can be optimized with the help of forecast models. There are forecast models programmed all over the world, but Finland does not have its own model. The aim of the study was to find out if Negative Prognosis (Germany) and Nærstad model (Norway) apply to use in Finland or whether they require calibration for the optimal use. The other aim was to find out what is the lowest dose of fungicide that potato late blight can be prevented. Field experiment was implemented at Potato Research Institute (Petla) in Finland. There were 12 different trial treatments in four replicates including untreated treatment. Year 2023 was a favourable year for P. infestans due the optimal temperature and high relative humidity which led to severe infection. Negative prognosis model was used to decide the start time for the fungicide use and Nærstad model was used in subsequent decision making during growing season. Crops were observed twice a week for late blight symptoms in leaves and stems until untreated plots were completely destructed by P. infestans. After that the plots were harvested and 100 tubers from each plot were gathered for the storage and later tuber blight observations. The rest of the tubers were sorted and used for calculating the yield and starch percentage. Based on the results from field experiment, Negative prognosis model is a good tool to predict the starting time of the spraying but not completely optimal. Both models require further research and calibration for optimal use in Finland. The best results were from the treatments that did not use forecast models in decision making. Optimal starting time of pesticide applications is the key to successful disease control and the substantial number of sprayings does not automatically lead to successful control.

Fusarium proliferatum has recently become a major threat to onion, which is an important food crop for food security and has a significant role in the agricultural sector. This fungus is found causing rots and producing mycotoxin fumonisin that, if ingested, can cause carcinogenic effects in humans and fatal diseases in animals. F. proliferatum has been identified as a pathogen causing rots and wilts in many plants in several countries, and recently some isolates of this pathogen were also found in Finland causing basal rot in onion. Though F. proliferatum has wide adaptability and pathogenicity, there are research gaps on this newly emerging pathogen, which is mostly limited to some specific hosts such as maize. There is a lack of knowledge of its infection mechanisms and mycotoxin production dynamics in onion. This experimental work was conducted at the University of Helsinki, Finland, to study the nature of pathogenicity and toxin gene expression of F. proliferatum in laboratory conditions as a function of time. Spore suspensions of three isolates of F. proliferatum, Fpr047, Fpr049, and Fpr919, were prepared and used as inoculums that were injected into healthy organically grown onions, which were then stored in dark for five weeks. Control bulbs were inoculated with sterile water. Pathogen virulence, based on symptom development, and fungal colonization in the onion tissues were determined at five different time points and the toxin gene expression was determined at three time points. Colonization levels were determined by real-time PCR using primers binding to the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of F. proliferatum. A part of the IGS region of the three isolates was sequenced to study the diversity between the isolates. All the tested isolates were found to be virulent, and they colonized the onions after one week from inoculation. However, the isolate Fpr919 appeared different from the other two in terms of symptom severity. It was more aggressive than the other two, causing disease symptoms earlier and causing more severe rot symptoms in the infected bulbs. It also had nucleotide sequence variations in the IGS region in comparison with the other two isolates, suggesting genetic diversity. No significant differences were observed between the isolates in the fungal colonization levels. Expression of FUM1 gene and a putative virulence gene SIX2-1 was detected by RT-RT-PCR in most of the infected tissue samples. The results obtained signify that F. proliferatum is a pathogen with the potential of producing fumonisin toxin in onion, suggesting the need for further molecular study on this fungus to control the disease and prevent mycotoxin contamination in plant products.

The sunflower family (Asteraceae) is characterized by its unique head-like inflorescence known as a capitulum. The capitula have evolved enormous diversity in size and shapes, and such variability depends upon the inflorescence meristem (IM) patterning. Gerbera hybrida has emerged as one of the model species for the large Asteraceae plant family. Previous studies have reported that the inflorescence architecture of gerbera has both conserved and derived gene regulatory features. So far, several studies have revealed that some genes, which have highly specialized functions in regulating Arabidopsis flower development, are represented by expanded gene families in gerbera and gained new functions at the level of IM. IM determinacy refers to the fate of the meristem to continue growing indefinitely or to terminate into a flower. However, there is still a significant knowledge gap to understand regulation of IM determinacy in Asteraceae. This research aims to explore the expression of the gerbera GSQUA genes and their potential interactions with the key regulators, GhLFY, GRCD2, GRCD7, and GhTFL1, in the patterning of IM of wild-type (WT) gerbera. The study also involved the phenotypic characterization of GhTFL1 overexpression and GhTFL1 RNAi transgenic lines. The results showed that GSQUA2, GSQUA3, and GSQUA7 had similar expression patterns with GhLFY and were expressed throughout the IM and involucral bract, ray, and disc floret primordia. The expression of GSQUA5, which resembles the expression of GRCD2 and GRCD7, started from IM2 and was upregulated throughout the inflorescence development. GRCD6 and GRCD8 exhibited an early and much broader range of expression patterns than the other GSQUAs. Meanwhile, GhTFL1 was expressed only in the shoot apical meristem and IM1. Results from the phenotypic analysis of the GhTFL1 transgenic lines showed that both ectopic and suppressed GhTFL1 expression lines have altered inflorescence architecture. Overexpression of GhTFL1 resulted in the formation of a dome-shaped indeterminate IM, which is not consumed by floral primordia. Severe GhTFL1 RNAi phenotypes show a very small determinate inflorescence that is entirely consumed, with a terminal flower developed at the center. The expression patterns and interaction of GSQUA genes with GhLFY, GRCD2, GRCD7, and GhTFL1 indicated that GSQUA2/3/5/7 are the most promising candidates for regulating IM patterning and determinacy of gerbera. Besides, the findings underscore the crucial role of GhTFL1 in regulating the inflorescence architecture of gerbera and significantly advance our understanding of genetic regulation of IM determinacy in the Asteraceae family.

Palkokasveja sisältävissä kasvustoissa teollisten typpilannoitteiden tarve on vähäistä palkokasvien oman typensidontakykynsä ansioista. Palkokasveista esimerkiksi puna-apila (Trifolium pratense) ja härkäpapu (Vicia faba) menestyvät Suomen kasvuolosuhteissa. Härkäpavun kohdalla varsinkin, jos koko kasvusto korjataan säilörehuksi. Lypsylehmä ei kuitenkaan pysty hyödyntämään palkokasvien suurta raakavalkuaispitoisuutta ilman typpihukkaa, joten valkuaisen hyväksikäyttöä halutaan parantaa. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli vertailla härkäpapu- ja puna-apilasäilörehun, sekä rypsi- ja härkäpapuvalkuaislisän vaikutuksia valkuaisen hyväksikäyttöön lypsylehmien ruokinnassa. Tutkimus tehtiin Helsingin yliopiston Viikin tutkimustilan navetassa 17.10.2020-9.1.2021. Kokeen malli oli kerran toistettu tasapainotettu 4 × 4 latinalainen neliö, jossa oli kahdeksan lypsylehmää, neljä jaksoa ja neljä seosrehuruokintaa. Koeasetelma oli 2 × 2 faktoriaalinen ja tutkittavina tekijöinä olivat säilörehun kasvilaji sekä valkuaislisä. Karkearehuna oli joko härkäpapupitoinen säilörehu (HP), josta 2/3 karkearehun kuiva-aineesta (ka) oli härkäpapusäilörehua ja 1/3 timotei-nurminatasäilörehua tai puna-apilapitoinen säilörehu (AP), jossa oli 51 % puna-apilaa ja 49 % timotein, nurminadan ja italianraiheinän seosta. Lisäksi seosrehuissa oli valkuaislisänä joko härkäpapujauhoa (Hp, 15,6 % seosrehun ka:sta) tai rypsipuristetta (Rp, 12,2 % seosrehun ka:sta). Kaikissa koeruokinnoissa oli lisäksi ohra-kauraseosta sekä kivennäistä. Väkirehun osuus ruokinnasta oli 45 % ka:sta. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin ruokintojen vaikutusta syöntiin, ravintoaineiden saantiin ja sulavuuteen, maitotuotokseen, plasman aminohappopitoisuuksiin sekä typen hyväksikäyttöön. Kuiva-aineen syönnissä ei ollut eroa ruokintojen välillä. Raakavalkuaisen (rv) sekä välttämättömien aminohappojen kokonaissaanti oli suurempi HP-säilörehusta kuin AP-säilörehusta. HP-ruokinnat lisäsivät maidon valkuaispitoisuutta sekä suuntaa-antavasti rasvapitoisuutta verrattuna AP-ruokintoihin. Sen sijaan maitotuotos oli suuntaa-antavasti suurempi AP-ruokinnoista verrattuna HP-ruokintoihin. Rp:n ollessa valkuaislisänä maito- ja valkuaistuotos olivat suurempia kuin Hp-ruokinnoissa, mutta maidon rasva-, valkuaisja laktoosipitoisuuksissa ei ollut eroa valkuaislisien välillä. Härkäpapu lisäsi maidon ureapitoisuutta sekä säilörehuna että valkuaislisänä. Välttämättömien aminohappojen imeytyminen verenkiertoon oli vähäisempää Hp-ruokinnoista verrattuna Rp-ruokintoihin. Histidiinin ja lysiinin ja suuntaa-antavasti tryptofaanin pitoisuus plasmassa oli suurempi lehmien saadessa HP-säilörehua AP-säilörehun sijaan. Syödystä typestä suurempi osuus erittyi maitoon, mutta myös sontaan AP-ruokinnoista verrattuna HP-ruokintoihin. Typen suurempi eritys sontaan johtunee AP-säilörehun heikommasta rv:n sulavuudesta verrattuna HP-säilörehun rv:n sulavuuteen. Typen eritys maitoon oli tehokkaampaa Rp-ruokinnoista verrattuna Hp-ruokintoihin. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan typen jakautumisen ja maidon ureapitoisuuden perusteella puna-apilasäilörehu ja rypsivalkuaislisä ovat valkuaisen hyväksikäytön kannalta härkäpapusäilörehua ja härkäpapuvalkuaislisää parempia vaihtoehtoja lypsylehmien ruokinnassa.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää härkäpapusäilörehun vaikutuksia lypsylehmien syöntiin, maidontuotantoon, dieetin sulavuuteen ja metaanin tuotantoon, kun nurmisäilörehua korvattiin osittain härkäpapusäilörehulla. Säilörehu ja viljat muodostavat lypsylehmien ruokinnan perustan, jota täydennetään valkuaisrehuilla, kuten rypsillä ja rapsilla. Tällä hetkellä nautojen ruokinnassa käytettävät täydennysvalkuaisrehut ovat valtaosin tuonnin varassa. Suomen valkuaisomavaraisuus oli täydennysvalkuaisen osalta vuonna 2018 noin 23 %. Palkokasvien viljelyllä voitaisiin korvata tuontivalkuaista ja nostaa Suomen valkuaisomavaraisuutta. Tutkimus toteutettiin Helsingin yliopiston Viikin opetus- ja tutkimustilan navetassa 26.10.2019 – 17.1.2020. Tutkimuksessa verrattiin ensimmäisen sadon timotei-nurminatasäilörehua seokseen, jossa 2/3 nurmisäilörehusta korvattiin härkäpapusäilörehulla lypsylehmien ruokinnassa. Tutkittavien säilörehujen lisäksi seosrehu sisälsi kauraa, ohraa, härkäpapua, hernettä, melassileikettä, propyleeniglykolia ja kivennäisiä. Seosrehun väkirehun osuus kuiva-aineesta oli 35 %. Lehmille oli vapaasti tarjolla seosrehua. Lypsyn yhteydessä lehmät saivat robotilta maitotuotokseen suhteutetun väkirehuannoksen (4,6–9 kg/pv). Koe toteutettiin jaksokokeena, jossa lehmille annettiin ensin neljän viikon ajan nurmisäilörehua (kontrollirehu). Sen jälkeen lehmille annettiin neljän viikon ajan härkäpapusäilörehun ja nurmisäilörehun seosta (67:33 % kuiva-aineesta). Viimeisellä neljän viikon ruokintajaksolla lehmät saivat taas seosrehussa kontrollinurmisäilörehua. D-arvoltaan korjattu nurmisäilörehu oli sulavampaa (654 g/kg ka) verrattuna härkäpapusäilörehuun (594 g/kg ka). Kokeessa oli mukana yhteensä 10 Ayrshire-lehmää, jotka olivat poikineet vähintään kaksi kertaa. Koelehmät söivät härkäpapusäilörehua 15,1 kg ka/pv, joka oli 2,8 kg ka/pv enemmän kuin nurmisäilörehua. Kokonaiskuiva-aineensyönti oli härkäpapusäilörehulla 3,55 kg ka/pv runsaampaa verrattuna nurmisäilörehuun perustuvan ruokinnan kokonaiskuiva-aineensyöntiin. Härkäpapusäilörehuruokinnalla energiakorjattu maitotuotos ja maidon valkuaistuotos olivat suuremmat nurmiruokintaan verrattuna. Härkäpapuruokinta nosti dieetin kuiva-aineen ja orgaanisen aineen sekä raakavalkuaisen sulavuutta, mutta sillä ei ollut vaikutusta valkuaisen/typen hyväksikäyttöön. Metaanipäästöihin (g/pv) härkäpapuruokinnalla ei ollut vaikutusta. Nurmisäilörehun korvaaminen härkäpapusäilörehulla vähensi metaanin tuotantoa syötyä kuiva-ainekiloa kohti. Tulosten perusteella härkäpapusäilörehu sopii hyvin lypsylehmien ruokintaan. Nurmisäilörehun osittainen korvaaminen härkäpapusäilörehulla lisää lehmien kuiva-aineen syöntiä nostaen lypsylehmien energiakorjatun maidon tuotosta ja maidon valkuaistuotosta.

Self-sufficiency in protein feeds is low in Finland. Therefore there has been interest towards the use of domestic faba bean (Vicia faba) in dairy cow feeding. Faba bean is rich in starch and crude protein but the crude protein is highly degradable in the rumen. Moreover, faba bean protein contains low concentrations of sulfur containing amino acids, especially methionine, which can limit dairy cow’s production. The aim of this study was to examine if it is possible to increase faba bean protein utilization in the mammary gland by industrial treatment and by methiohine infusion into abomasum. The study was conducted at the University of Helsinki research farm in Viikki from 6.1.2018 to 21.4.2018. The experimental design was 5 x 5 latin square with 21-d experimental periods and five rumen fistulated multiparous ayrshire cows. The five isonitrogenous treatments were rapeseed meal (R), milled faba bean (MF), milled faba bean with methionine infusion (15 g/d into abomasum; MF+), industrially treated faba bean (TF) and industrially treated faba bean with methionine infusion (TF+). The cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum with concentrate-to-forage ratio of 38:62 in dry matter (DM). Faba bean diets increased daily DM intake (DMI) by an average of 1.6 kg compared to rapeseed meal diet but this had no effect on daily milk yield which was on average 27.7 kg. Faba bean diets increased starch and crude protein intakes with the result of increased microbial protein sythesis in the rumen and increased milk protein concentration. Industrial treatment of faba bean tended to increase daily milk yield on average of 1.4 kg which is probably a result of increased absorption of glucose and metabolizable protein in the small intestine. Methionine infusion increased plasma methionine concentration but this had no effects on DMI, milk yield or milk composition or nitrogen utilization. The utilization of feed protein to milk protein was only on average 25.2 % and it was not affected by diet. The results of this study suggest that faba bean is palatable protein feed and has potential to replace rapeseed meal in dairy cow feeding. It is possible to reduce ruminal crude protein and starch degradability of faba bean by industrial treatment. Methionine infusion had no effects on dairy cow’s performance so it can be concluded that methionine was not limiting amino acid in this study.

Maaperästä vapautuu hiiltä ilmakehään maatalouden vaikutuksista. Nautojen laiduntaminen voi sitoa hiiltä takaisin maaperään. Laidunnuksen hiilensidonnan määrä riippuu pitkälti laidunnusstrategiasta, eli siitä kuinka kauan ja kuinka iso lauma kerrallaan laiduntaa tiettyä aluetta ja kuinka kauan laidun saa levätä ennen eläinten palaamista takaisin. Suomessa tavanomaisin laidunnusstrategia on intensiivinen, kiertävä lohkosyöttö, jossa laidunlohkolle tulee tyypillisesti viisi syöttökertaa kesän aikana ja syöttökertojen välinen lepoaika on kahdesta viikosta kuukauteen. Tutkimuksen kohteena olevassa, uudessa laidunnusstrategiassa MOB-laidunnuksessa nurmen massa on suuri ja lepoaika on pitkä, tästä syystä syöttökertoja tulee kesän aikana vain kolme. Tämän maisterintutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää, sopiiko MOB-laidunnus suomalaisiin olosuhteisiin ja miten se vaikuttaa laidunalan tarpeeseen ja hiilisyötteeseen nuorkarjalla. Hypoteesina oli, että vaikka MOB-laidunnus lisää laidunalan tarvetta, sekä heikentää laidunnurmen ruokinnallista laatua intensiiviseen lohkosyöttöön verrattuna, se toimii silti hyvin nuorkarjan laidunnuksessa. Lisäksi MOB-laidunnuksen odotettiin parantavan hiilisyötettä peltoon jäävän suuremman kasvustomassan ansiosta. Koe suoritettiin Luonnonvarakeskuksen tutkimusasemalla Maaningalla 29.05.2021-25.08.2021. Koe sisälsi kolme laidunkiertoa tavanomaisilla laidunnusruuduilla (4 ruutua, n. 570 m^2/ruutu) ja kaksi laidunkiertoa MOB-laidunnusruuduilla (4 ruutua, n. 320 m^2/ruutu). 16 hiehoa oli jaettu neljään ryhmään ja ne laidunsivat ruutuja kahdesta neljään päivään, jonka jälkeen hiehot siirrettiin pois ja laidunruudut saivat levätä. Tässä kokeessa keskimääräinen lepoaika tavanomaisessa laidunnuksessa oli intensiiviselle laidunkierrolle ominainen 25 vrk ja MOB-laidunnuksessa matalan intensiteetin laidunkierron mukainen 37 vrk. Lepoajalla hiehot laidunsivat yhtenä ryhmänä ja silloin niillä oli tarjolla kivennäistä, jota ruutusyöttöjen aikaan ei tarjottu. Koealan nurmi oli perustettu seoksella, jossa siemensuhteet olivat 60 % timotei (Phleum pratense L.), 20 % nurminata (Festuca pratensis Huds.) ja 20 % puna-apila (Trifolium pratense L.). Laidunruuduilta otettiin kasvustonäytteet ennen ja jälkeen jokaista laidunkiertoa. Näytteiden perusteella analysoitiin laidunnurmen rehuarvo sekä arvioitiin hiehojen syömän laidunrehun määrä. Ruuduilta mitattiin laidunkauden päättyessä myös multakorjattu sänkimassa, josta pystyttiin arvioimaan maan pintaan hiilisyötteeksi jäänyt nurmimassa. Ensimmäisen syöttökerran alkaessa tavanomaisten ruutujen alkumassa oli 2755 ja MOB-ruutujen 5344 kg ka/ha. Laidunnusstrategia vaikutti laidunnurmen koostumukseen, tarvittavan laidunalan ja hiilisyötteenä toimivan sänkimassan määrään. MOB-laitumien nurmen sulavuus oli heikompaa kuin tavanomaisilla laitumilla, mutta laidunrehun sulavuus ja kemiallinen koostumus riitti täyttämään nuorkarjan energian ja ohutsuolesta imeytyvän valkuaisen (OIV) tarpeet. Kuiva-aineena mitattuna MOB-laidunnuksen nurmen hehtaarikohtainen sato oli 11 % pienempi verrattuna tavanomaiseen laidunnukseen. Syönnissä (kg ka/pv/eläin) ei ollut ensimmäisellä syöttökerralla eroa laidunnusstrategioiden välillä (P = 0.67). Toisella syöttökerralla MOB-laidunnuksessa syönti oli numeroarvoisesti suurempi kuin tavanomaisessa laidunnuksessa (5.3 vs. 7.8, P = 0.12). MOB-laidunnuksen jälkeen peltoon jäi nurmimassaa noin 2000 kg ka/ha enemmän kuin tavanomaisen laidunnuksen jälkeen. MOB-laidunnuksessa kasvu ei kärsinyt kuumuudesta ja kuivuudesta tavanomaisen laidunnuksen tapaan. Negatiivisena puolena verratessa tavanomaiseen laidunnukseen MOB-laidunnus lisäsi laskennallisesti 38 % laidunalan tarvetta, joka voi muodostua ongelmaksi laidunalan riittävyyden kannalta ja myös taloudellisesti. Hiilensidonnan näkökulmasta MOB-laidunnus on parempi vaihtoehto tavanomaiseen laidunnukseen verrattaessa, sillä MOB-laidunnuksessa ylilaidunnusta ei päässyt tapahtumaan ja pilalle tallattua nurmea oli selvästi tavanomaista laidunnusta vähemmän. Myös sänkimassaa jäi maahan huomattavasti enemmän hiilisyötteen lähteeksi kuin tavanomaisen laidunnuksen päätteeksi. Tässä tutkimuksessa MOB-laidunnus todettiin toimivaksi vaihtoehdoksi nuorkarjan laitumena.

Dairy cattle breeding has been driven by economics since the 1930s. For a longer period, the costeffectiveness of dairy farming has been poor, and the farmers have been forced to look for all possible ways to improve economics, through either reducing costs or increasing profit. Finland had in 2018 6250 dairy farms, which all differ from each other by size, economics and production environment. Finland participates to Nordic Cattle Genetic Evaluation (NAV) and uses Nordic Total Merit (NTM) as a joint total merit index for Finland, Denmark and Sweden. It has not been published, whether Finnish dairy farms would need more farm specific total merit indices. Breeding goal preferences do differ not only between farms but also between production types, since organic farmers tend to put more emphasis on production, compared to conventional. The aim of this study was to study whether economic values on breeding goal traits differ between farms and production types. Herd specific economic values were counted for ten breeding goal traits. The study was fulfilled with seven dairy herds, who differed from each other by herd size and production environment. Two of the herds were organic. The calculation of economic values was based on a bioeconomic model SimHerd. It is a stochastic simulation model, which simulates the herd in weekly steps, taking all events in a cow’s life into account. Traits analyzed in this study were chosen according to hypotheses of their economic values. Traits analyzed were ECM yield, mastitis, conception rate of cows, conception rate of heifers, cow mortality, calf mortality, claw and leg diseases, feed efficiency, body weight and other culling. Prices and variable costs as well as the phenotypic data of the farms was collected from the year 2018. Finnish milk production is highly dependent of subsidies, but due to their complexity, only direct subsidies for milk were considered in this study. Relations between traits were cut off from the model before simulation. The maximum number of cows for each farm was set to 1000 to improve the reliability of the simulations. Each trait was simulated three times: with the phenotypic data and then twice with changing the parameter. According to the results, the relative economic value of ECM yield was the highest for all farms. The highest economic values differ between farms, but on average the next highest economic values were for body weight, conception rate of cows and cow mortality. These economic values were in the same range for both conventional and organic farms. When relative economic values are presented as percentages of the sum of standardized economic values, traits affecting longevity cover together the greatest percentage. With improved longevity the cows have more productive years, which means greater lifetime milk yield, less replacement cots and smaller environmental impact. When results were compared between farms, they showed no need for farm specific TMI. A different TMI for organic production would need a further research.