Browsing by master's degree program "Maataloustieteiden maisteriohjelma"

This study investigated the frost hardiness of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in four cultivars (’Early Black’, ’Howes’, ’Pilgrim’ and ’Stevens’), focusing especially on the frost hardiness of roots in soilless cultivation. Plants for the study were forced in a greenhouse from cuttings of mother plants. The cuttings were rooted in pots diameter of 10 cm x 10 cm in forest peat. Plants were set to grow in the high tunnel over the growing season. Two experiments were conducted during winter 2020–2021. In the experiments, whole plants with pots were exposed to freezing treatments in a controlled freeze chamber at the temperatures of -10, -15, -20 and -30 °C. Control plants were exposed to cooling at +2 °C for an equal time. In the first experiment, plants were exposed to freezing treatment in November straight from the high tunnel. The second experiment took place in January, and plants were overwintered outside until the experiment. After the freezing treatment one upright in each plant was cut, set in a glass tube containing distilled water, and forced in the greenhouse for 14 days. The vitality of the buds, leafs and stems in the cuttings was observed with a stereomicroscope. After the freezing treatment the vegetative growth of the plants grown in pots was cut off exluding the main shoot, which was cut 5 cm above the soil surface. Thereafter plants were forced in the greenhouse over 10 weeks (the light period of 18/6 h, temperature +20 °C). The vitality of the roots was determined by measuring the amount of the new vegetative growth. All the plants tolerated -10 ° C freeze in November and -15 ° C in January, respectively without injury. Some new growth was observed in plants exposed to freezing treatments of -5 ° C below the temperature mentioned above, but frost damage occurred, and the re-growth was decreased compared to control plants. Cultivar Stevens was more tolerant than the others in both experiments conducted. It maintained its growth potential after -15 °C freezing treatment in November, and -20 °C in January respectively. Frost hardiness (LT50) of buds ranged in November from -19 °C to -27 °C. In January ’Stevens’ buds had the highest frost hardiness (LT50 =-36 °C) and ’Pilgrim’ buds had the lowest (LT50 =-27 °C). The environmental conditions throughout the whole growing season may affect frost hardiness, thus, this experiment should be repeated for verifying the results obtained. Also the potential impact of dormancy in the experiment conducted in November cannot be ignored.

The objective of the thesis is to review and characterize (i) typical agroforestry systems in the temperate zone, (ii) levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agroforestry and control plots, and (iii) identify the conditions under which agroforestry farming is most likely to enhance SOC. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of agroforestry farming systems on SOC stocks at soil depths of 0 – 20, 0 – 40 and 0 – 100 cm. Data was collected from 15 published studies and all sites are located in temperate climates. Studies had to report at least measurements on SOC concentration or stock for an agroforestry plot and a control plot (arable land, grassland, forest). Investigated treatment variables were soil depth, agroforestry system type, soil type, tree species and age. The results have shown significantly higher SOC stocks under agroforestry in comparison to controls in all three soil depth datasets. The largest amount of SOC in agroforestry was found in the first 20 cm of topsoil and at a soil depth of 60 – 100 cm. There were no significant differences found between alley cropping, silvopasture and shelterbelt systems. The most popular tree species in temperate agroforestry were Populus spp., M.domestica, Juglans regia and Picea. But no significant differences in C sequestration could be observed between tree species across all datasets. The assumption that systems with older trees have higher stocks of SOC could not be confirmed. Most common soil types of temperate agroforestry systems were Luvisol, Fluvisol and Chernozem. The meta-analysis did not verify results of other studies, which have shown that clay contents in the soil promote C sequestration. The wide variability and diversity of agroforestry systems has shown to be problematic in conducting a meta-analysis, indicated by a high heterogeneity. Furthermore, different types of study designs, lack of standardized sampling procedures and explanatory variables may have influenced the results. However, the study showed that agroforestry can be a promising carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation option, also for the temperate climate zone.

In order to achieve carbon neutrality and slow down climate change, it is necessary not only to curb greenhouse gas emissions but also to remove carbon from the atmosphere. In agricultural sector, adding biochars to soils has proven to be one of the most effective methods to sequester carbon. Using biochars in urban planting soils could be simple and effective way to create carbon sinks also in urban environment. Wood based biochars are already available in the market and their viability as soil amendment is supported by an extensive body of research. Despite large evidence from agricultural and greenhouse sectors, research focused on biochars in planting soils for urban trees is scarce. To assess and demonstrate viability of biochars as component of urban planting soils, an experiment was established in 2019-2020 in Hyväntoivonpuisto-park in Helsinki. The experiment consists of four tree species and nine different planting soils, seven of which include biochars. Three of the planting soils were structural soils installed below a sealed surface. Tree growth in planting soils was followed and biomass accumulation was estimated with allometric equations. Planting soil nutrient composition was analysed at the time of soil application and nine months later after first growing season. Pyrogenic carbon fractions were analysed by BPCA analysis. Planting soil physical and hydrological properties were analysed by water retention curves with pF range of 0 – 4.2. After two growing seasons, biochars had increased tree growth in two planting soils compared to the control while in other planting soils with biochar, the growth was similar to control. In structural soils biochars had improved growth, but there were no statistically significant pairwise differences between treatments. Biochars increased the macroporosity of planting soils, indicating they could improve aeration and water conductivity in planting soils. Effects to total porosity and water retention capacity were mixed, but highest total porosity and water retention capacity was observed in planting soil with the highest amount of biochar. Planting soil nutrient composition varied a lot due to different raw materials, limiting the possibilities of making mechanistic analysis of effects of biochars. These results indicate that biochars are viable and safe constituent for planting soils which may increase tree growth by improving soil physical properties and improve carbon sinks in urban infrastructure.

Securing food production is an important objective, especially as climate change affects production conditions. Good crop yields are part of food security, but disease pressure and abiotic stress factors limit yield potential. Chemical plant protection products, which have traditionally been used in plant protection, pose an environmental risk and efforts are therefore being made to reduce their use and replace them with, for example, biological plant protection products. Biostimulants aim to improve crop yields. The aim of this study was to determine whether biomass products produced in different ways have antifungal or biostimulant effects. Three different concentrations of biomass products were used in the experiments. In screening experiments, the antifungal activity of biomass products was investigated in petri dish experiments to test their effect on the growth of two plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani. The biostimulant effect was investigated by a germination experiment on barley. In the following experiments, the effect of biomass products was investigated in the model organism Physcomitrium patens moss. P. patens was inoculated with two fungal isolates, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and treated with biomass products. Biostimulant properties were observed on uninoculated P. patens. In addition, the study examined, whether the gene expressions of P. patens change due to the influence of biomass products using RT-qPCR. In Petri dish experiments, biomass products inhibited the growth of both F. graminearum and R. solani fungi. The highest concentration tested was most effective against fungi. The lowest biomass product concentration tested was most effective in inducing barley growth. Biomass product in combination with S. sclerotiorum infection caused death of P. patens, but the combined effect with R. solani infection induced P. patens growth. Gene expression of the three transcription factors tested and one defense gene changed by the interaction of biomass products and R. solani infection. Based on the results obtained in the study, biomass products have potential to be used in fungal disease control. The use of biomass products as biostimulants also seems promising. A lot of further research on biomass products is needed to understand their effects on different crops and pathogenic fungi.

Väestönkasvu lisää tarvetta öljykasvien tuotannolle ihmisravinnoksi ja biopolttoaineeksi. Öljynpuristamisesta saatavat sivutuotteet, kuten rouheet ja puristeet sisältävät hyvälaatuista valkuaista eläinten ruokintaan. Camelina (Camelina sativa) ja hamppu (Cannabis sativa) ovat potentiaalisia vaihtoehtoja nautojen valkuaisruokinnassa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää camelina- ja hamppupuristeen vaikutusta in vitro pötsikäymiseen eri karkearehukäsittelyillä. Karkearehuina käytettiin lämpökuivattua nurmi-, puna-apila- ja maissisäilörehua ja väkirehuna ohraa. Kontrollina toimivat rypsipuriste ja käsittelyt, jotka eivät sisältäneet täydennysvalkuaisrehua eli koostuivat ainoastaan karkearehusta ja ohrasta. Kaikkien käsittelyiden karkearehu:väkirehusuhde oli 1:1 kuiva-aineessa. Valkuaislisättömien käsittelyiden raakavalkuaispitoisuudet vaihtelivat 95–140 g/kg ka välillä riippuen käytetyn karkearehun raakavalkuaispitoisuudesta. Valkuaiskäsittelyissä raakavalkuaispitoisuudeksi tuli 170 g/kg ka. Inkubaatiopulloihin punnittiin rehuja yhteensä 3,5 g ka. Käsittelyitä oli 12 kpl ja lisäksi jokaisessa ajossa oli 2 kpl blancoja, joihin ei punnittu rehuja. Ajoja tehtiin neljä. Jokainen ajo kesti 30 h ja näytteitä otettiin 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 ja 30 h kuluttua inkubaation aloituksesta. Näytteistä määritettiin haihtuvat rasvahapot (VFA), ammoniumtyppi ja pH. Analyysituloksista laskettiin haihtuvien rasvahappojen moolisuhteet. Tutkittavista rehuista analysoitiin lisäksi sekundäärinen kuiva-aine, tuhka, tuhkaton neutraalidetergenttikuitu (NDF), raakavalkuainen ja kokonaisrasva. Valkuaisrehuista analysoitiin typpifraktiot (A, B1, B2, B3 ja C). Rypsi-, camelina- ja hamppupuristeen raakavalkuaispitoisuudet olivat 332, 367 ja 286 g/kg ka vastaavasti. Hypoteesin vastaisesti valkuaisrehun lisääminen ei lisännyt VFA:n kokonaismäärää ja ammoniumtypen muodostusta. Hypoteesin mukaisesti valkuaisrehun lähde vaikutti pötsikäymisen voimakkuuteen. Camelina- ja rypsipuristetta sisältävät käsittelyt vastasivat toisiaan VFA:n kokonaismäärässä (P>0,05) hypoteesin mukaisesti. Camelina lisäsi kuitenkin propionihapon kokonaismäärää (P<0,05) ja mooliosuutta (P<0,01) verrattuna rypsiin sekä pienensi voihapon mooliosuutta verrattuna rypsiin (P<0,01). Hamppupuristeella VFA:n kokonaismäärä oli pienempi kuin camelinapuristeella (P<0,05) ja suuntaa antavasti pienempi kuin rypsipuristeella (P=0,063). Hamppupuriste vähensi propionihapon kokonaismäärää ja lisäsi etikkahapon mooliosuutta verrattuna rypsiin (P<0,001 ja P<0,01, vastaavasti) ja camelinaan (P<0,001 ja P<0,01, vastaavasti). Karkearehun lähde vaikutti VFA:n kokonaismääriin ja moolisuhteisiin. Puna-apilasäilörehua sisältävissä käsittelyissä VFA:n kokonaismäärät olivat suuremmat kuin maissisäilörehua sisältävissä käsittelyissä (P<0,05). Puna-apilasäilörehukäsittely lisäsi etikkahapon ja propionihapon kokonaismääriä verrattuna nurmisäilörehukäsittelyihin (P<0,05 ja P<0,01 vastaavasti) ja maissisäilörehukäsittelyihin (P<0,01 ja P<0,05, vastaavasti). Tulosten perusteella camelinapuristeen raakavalkuaispitoisuus oli rypsiä suurempi ja näiden VFA:n kokonaismäärät ja typpifraktiot vastasivat toisiaan. Camelina voisi siis vastata rypsiä nautojen valkuaisruokinnassa, mutta hampun valkuaisarvo on mahdollisesti näitä alhaisempi VFA:n kokonaismäärän ja moolisuhteiden perusteella. Hamppupuristeen suurempi NDF-kuidun määrä voisi selittää camelina- ja rypsipuristekäsittelyitä suuremman etikkahapon mooliosuuden. Karkearehun lähde vaikutti pötsikäymiseen ja puna-apila lisäsi VFA:n kokonaismäärää verrattuna nurmi- ja maissisäilörehuun, jolla voi olla positiivisia vaikutuksia energiansaantiin ja maitotuotokseen.

Nykyään kuluttajat ovat entistä kiinnostuneempia elintarvikkeiden laadusta ja niiden terveellisyydestä. Eläinperäisten tuotteiden koostumukseen voidaan vaikuttaa eläimille syötettävän rehun kautta. Suomessa täydennysvalkuaisrehun omavaraisuusaste on heikko, 20,9 % vuonna 2021, joten siihen kaivataan uusia vaihtoehtoja rypsin ja rapsin rinnalle. Tässä tutkielmassa tutkittiin camelinan ja hampun soveltuvuutta kotieläinten ruokintaan täydennysvalkuaisrehuna, koska niiden siemenet sisältävät runsaasti valkuaista ja rasvaa. Aineiston siemennäytteet kerättiin camelinaa (n=5) ja hamppua (n=20) viljelyttäviltä yrityksiltä (Janakkalan piensiemen ja TransFarm), näytteet olivat kasvukaudelta 2021. Hampusta analysoitavat siemennäytteet valittiin siten, että niissä on mukana sekä suuren sadon (>600 kg/ha) että pienen sadon (<400 kg/ha) näytteitä ja että ne ovat maantieteellisesti mahdollisimman edustavia. Näytteistä analysoitiin peruskoostumus; kuiva-aine, kokonaisrasva, raakavalkuainen, tuhka ja neutraalidetergenttikuitu (NDF). Lisäksi haitta-aineista analysoitiin glukosinolaatit camelinasta ja trypsiini-inhibiittorit camelinasta ja hampusta. Hampusta kerättiin viljelytietoja kyselyllä, jonka TransFarm oy toteutti sopimusviljelijöilleen kasvukausilla 2021 (n= 61 kpl) ja 2022 (n=59 kpl), vastauksia saatiin yhteensä 120 kpl. Tilastollisia yhteyksiä hampusta selvitettiin SAS-tilasto ohjelmalla ristiintaulukoinnin, varianssianalyysin ja korrelaatioanalyysin avulla. Tilastoanalyyseja ei tehty camelinan koostumuksesta havaintojen pienestä määrästä johtuen. Tulosten mukaan hampun satotasoon vaikuttivat kasvuston korkeus, puintikosteus, taimettuneiden yksilöiden määrä ja tuotantomuoto. Mitä korkeampi kasvusto (P<0,001) ja mitä suurempi puintikosteus (P<0,05), sitä suurempi osuus havainnoista sijoittui suurimpaan satotasoluokkaan (>600 kg/ha). Lisäksi suuntaa-antavasti (P<0,10) taimettuneiden yksilöiden määrän (kpl/m2 ) lisääntyessä suurempi osuus havainnoista sijoittui suurimpaan satotasoluokkaan. Hypoteesin vastaisesti typpilannoitustasolla ja maan fosforiluokalla ei havaittu olevan yhteyttä hampun satotasoon (P>0,10). Luomutuotannossa suurempi osuus havainnoista sijoittui pienimpään satotasoluokkaan (P<0,05) ja suuntaa-antavasti matalampaan kasvuston korkeusluokkaan (P<0,10) kuin tavanomaisessa tuotannossa. Ristiintaulukoinnissa (n=120) ei havaittu yhteyttä tuotantomuodon ja kasvuajan välillä, varianssianalyysissä (n=20) luomutuotannossa oli lyhyempi kasvuaika kuin tavanomaisessa tuotannossa (P<0,05) Kokonaisrasvapitoisuudet olivat camelinan siemenissä 375– 410 g/kg ka, hampun siemenissä rasvapitoisuudet olivat suurempia pienemmän satotason siemenissä, kuin suuremman satotason siemenissä, (P<0,001; 365 vs. 339 g/kg ka). Raakavalkuaispitoisuus camelinan siemenellä oli 267–303 g/kg ka ja hampun siemenellä 275–277 g/kg ka, satotaso ei vaikuttanut hampun raakavalkuaispitoisuuteen (P>0,10). Tuhkapitoisuus oli camelinalla 33,7-40,5 g/kg ka ja hampun siemenellä 56,8-59,3 g/kg ka, satotaso vaikutti suuntaa antavasti hampun tuhkapitoisuuteen (P<0,10) ollen korkeampi pienemmän satotason siemenissä verrattuna suuremman sadon siemeniin (59,3 vs. 56,8 g/kg ka). Camelinan siementen glukosinolaattipitoisuudet olivat 15,7–26,3 mmol/kg ka ja trypsiini-inhibiittoriaktiivisuus (TIA) 15,0- 22,2 mg ka. Hamppunäytteiden TIA-pitoisuudet olivat suuntaa-antavasti korkeammat suuremman sadon siemenissä verrattuna pienemmän sadon siemeniin (P<0,10; 4,29 vs. 4,07 TIA/ mg ka). Tulosten perusteella camelinan ja hampun siementen koostumuksessa esiintyy vaihtelua, johon hampun osalta vaikuttaa satotaso. Hampun satotasoon voidaan vaikuttaa viljelykäytännöin. Camelina ja hamppu soveltuvat siemenen koostumuksen, glukosinolaattipitoisuuden ja trypsiini inhibiittoriaktiivisuuden perusteella täydennysvalkuaisrehuna osaksi kotieläinten ruokintaa

Cellular agriculture is a novel food production technology that utilizes tissue engineering techniques to culture muscle cells to make cultured meat, or microbes and fermenting to create proteins such as casein, albumin and collagen which can be processed to products similar to milk and egg white for example. This thesis aims to explore the challenges that cellular agriculture faces in terms of policy, politics and the society mainly in a Finnish context, but also observing EU regulations. These challenges were investigated by interviewing altogether 15 representatives of stakeholder groups, which are political parties, government administration, organizations of policy executioners, NGO’s, food-tech companies, -funds and research centres. The data from the interviews was transcribed and processed in Atlas.ti-software using the analysis of qualitative content -method. The processed data was then analysed using the analysis of a specialist interview -method. The study revealed that specialists agree that cellular agriculture products will follow EU Novel Food regulations, but that cellular agriculture might have to overcome some regulation-related challenges. Challenges might also arise from markets, consumers and competing with conventionally produced food. Some believed cellular agriculture to have a negative impact on the Finnish society in the form of eroding rural livelihoods, and that the production will be in the hands of large corporations. Many stated that they do not believe cellular agriculture will surpass conventional agriculture, but that it will become just another food innovation. Some believed cellular agriculture offers great possibilities in the form of more sustainable food production. Many of the statements of the interviewees reflected current events already underway in the cellular agriculture and alternative protein field. The challenges cellular agriculture will face are multifaceted, and more information is still needed, especially on the societal effects of cellular agriculture.

Strawberries (Fragaria sp.) are perennial plants that belong to Rosaceae family. According to flowering habit, strawberries are classified as seasonal flowering and perpetual flowering strawberries. Environmental factors regulate flowering in plants. Among them, photoperiod and temperature are two important cues to affect flowering in strawberries. Besides, FT is a general flowering activator in many plant species. This thesis explored the flowering habits and FT expression level of two diploid strawberries F. bucharica and F. nilgerrensis under short and long day at cool temperature at 11 °C. The results were compared with F. vesca which has been studied earlier. After 2, 4 and 6 weeks of cool temperature (11 °C) treatment, all F. vesca and the majority of F. bucharica flowered regardless of photoperiod. As for F. nilgerrensis, there was no floral induction under SD and 20 % flowering rate after 6 weeks of LD treatment. After 4 weeks of the treatment, the expression of FT was down-regulated in F. vesca and F. bucharica compared with control groups under long day at 20 °C. In conclusion, the cool temperature at 11 °C induced flowering both in F. vesca and F. bucharica. The photoperiod affected flowering in F. vesca, while not in F. bucharica. As for F. nilgerrensis, the treatments were not strongly inductive for flowering. It may need more time for floral induction. The FT1 expression was down regulated after 4-week cool temperature treatments in F. vesca and F. bucharica, which was negatively correlated with flower induction. The photoperiod and temperature significantly affect branch crown formation in F. nilgerrensis, while the temperature had significant effects on runner formation and leaf formation in these three species.

CRISPR-Cas9 is one variant of newly emerging technologies utilizing targeted mutagenesis based on Cas family proteins and guide RNA that enable binding and modifying selected target sequence. The aim of the master’s thesis was to compare different methods of CRISPR-Cas9 induced gene editing in the genus Nicotiana and other secondary protocols necessary to identify successful mutations. PDS1 and PDS2 genes coding phytoene desaturase in plants were selected as target genes as mutant genotype produce visually identifiable photobleaching phenotype. CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex mediated transformation uses separately produced Cas9 protein and guide RNA that when combined perform transient gene editing in cell. This method was planned to be used but Cas9 protein was challenging to produce in soluble form and final transformation was not achieved. This study suggests that acquiring ready-to-use Cas9 protein might be preferable choice when targeting only few transformations with CRISPR-Cas9 RNP-complex. Agrotransformation is well established method for genus Nicotiana and using Single Transcriptional Unit CRISPR-Cas9 system it is straightforward procedure from plasmid design to transformation. Successfully transformed plants were redeemed from transient agroinfiltration and stable agrotransformation experiments. Off-target mutations are possible and selective outbreeding may be needed. This method lacks the several advantages of CRISPR-Cas9 RNP-complex such as instant gene editing in cell, avoiding RNA interference and transformation over species boundaries, but is simple and functional in genus Nicotiana. Successful mutations were detected using commercial T7E1 and with natural CEL I endonuclease from celery extract. Celery extract can be used as cost-effective alternative to T7E1 for verifying or replicating previously confirmed results.

The purpose of this thesis was to design, build and test a system, which is capable of measuring in real time simple quantities influencing on tire-soil contact of agricultural tractors mobility. The measuring equipment is based on acceleration and distance sensors connected to the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The tractor’s CAN bus was logged and the data was saved using a CAN bus card connected to a Raspberry Pi minicomputer. The sensors were calibrated, and their sensitivity checked before performing the experiments while driving in the field. Accelerometers were placed on top of the rear axle of the tractor at both ends in housings printed for them and distance sensors were mounted behind the rear axle. All sensors were logged by using Raspberry's Raspbian operating system with a python program. The Raspberry was chosen as a computer because of its demanding low space, low cost, and versatility of interfaces. The properties of the field were monitored by monthly penetrometer measurements as well as SoilScout sensors embedded in the ground, which indicated the moisture and temperature of the ground at that depth in real time. The purpose of this was to find out the changes in the field during the growing season, which would also affect the tractor's mobility. The measurement were carried out successfully and the result were considered to be reliable and provide many other opportunities for the future. The results clearly indicated the factors influencing the tractor’s mobility and the different stages of the tillage could be recognized. Future challenges remain the filtering of large amounts of data and the application of measuring equipment in further research. The measurement equipment developed in the work is well suited for its purpose in terms of measurement accuracy and economical affordability. In the future, better accuracy could be achieved with more accurate measuring devices as well as data obtained from this work.