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Browsing by study line "Plant production sciences"

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  • Kärnä, Aleksi (2023)
    Täsmäviljelyn yleistyminen on lisännyt tarvetta maaperän spatiaalisen vaihtelun kartoittamiselle, ja tämän myötä markkinoille on tullut erilaisia maaperäkartoitusmenetelmiä. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, pystytäänkö gammasäteilyn mittaamiseen perustuvalla SoilOptix-maaperäkartoitusmenetelmällä estimoida pellon sisäistä pH-arvon, helppoliukoisen fosforin sekä mangaanin vaihtelua. Tutkimus toteutettiin Forssassa sijaitsevalla peltolohkolla, jossa yhteensä 48 mittauspisteen maa-analyysituloksista ja SoilOptix-menetelmän pistemäisistä estimaateista tehtiin korrelaatioanalyysejä ja pistekaavioita. Myös gammasäteilyraakadatan toistettavuutta havainnoitiin visuaalisesti. Työn toinen tavoite oli selvittää, vähensikö peltolohkolle tehty täsmäkalkitus pellon sisäistä satovaihtelua ja ravinnevaihtelua. Tämän selvittämiseksi analysoitiin puimurin satokartoitusaineistoja vuoden 2020 kevätrapsin (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera (Moench) Metzg.) ja vuoden 2022 kevätvehnän (Triticum aestivum L.) puinneista. SoilOptix-menetelmällä ei pystytty estimoida peltolohkon sisäistä vaihtelua minkään koejäsenen osalta. Kalkitus ei oleellisesti vähentänyt peltolohkon sisäistä satovaihtelua, mutta ravinnevaihtelua se vähensi. Eri vuosien gammasäteilyn raakadatassa oli samankaltaisuuksia visuaaliseen havainnointiin pohjautuen. Syyt heikkojen korrelaatioiden taustalla eivät ole ilmeiset, ja ne vaatisivat lisätutkimusta. Erityinen kiinnostuksen kohde olisi menetelmässä kerätyn raakadatan lukuarvot, joita ei tässä tutkimuksessa saatu tarkastella. Johtopäätöksenä todetaan selvä lisätutkimuksen tarve menetelmälle.
  • Zeru Zelelew, Daniel (2024)
    The sunflower family (Asteraceae) is characterized by its unique head-like inflorescence known as a capitulum. The capitula have evolved enormous diversity in size and shapes, and such variability depends upon the inflorescence meristem (IM) patterning. Gerbera hybrida has emerged as one of the model species for the large Asteraceae plant family. Previous studies have reported that the inflorescence architecture of gerbera has both conserved and derived gene regulatory features. So far, several studies have revealed that some genes, which have highly specialized functions in regulating Arabidopsis flower development, are represented by expanded gene families in gerbera and gained new functions at the level of IM. IM determinacy refers to the fate of the meristem to continue growing indefinitely or to terminate into a flower. However, there is still a significant knowledge gap to understand regulation of IM determinacy in Asteraceae. This research aims to explore the expression of the gerbera GSQUA genes and their potential interactions with the key regulators, GhLFY, GRCD2, GRCD7, and GhTFL1, in the patterning of IM of wild-type (WT) gerbera. The study also involved the phenotypic characterization of GhTFL1 overexpression and GhTFL1 RNAi transgenic lines. The results showed that GSQUA2, GSQUA3, and GSQUA7 had similar expression patterns with GhLFY and were expressed throughout the IM and involucral bract, ray, and disc floret primordia. The expression of GSQUA5, which resembles the expression of GRCD2 and GRCD7, started from IM2 and was upregulated throughout the inflorescence development. GRCD6 and GRCD8 exhibited an early and much broader range of expression patterns than the other GSQUAs. Meanwhile, GhTFL1 was expressed only in the shoot apical meristem and IM1. Results from the phenotypic analysis of the GhTFL1 transgenic lines showed that both ectopic and suppressed GhTFL1 expression lines have altered inflorescence architecture. Overexpression of GhTFL1 resulted in the formation of a dome-shaped indeterminate IM, which is not consumed by floral primordia. Severe GhTFL1 RNAi phenotypes show a very small determinate inflorescence that is entirely consumed, with a terminal flower developed at the center. The expression patterns and interaction of GSQUA genes with GhLFY, GRCD2, GRCD7, and GhTFL1 indicated that GSQUA2/3/5/7 are the most promising candidates for regulating IM patterning and determinacy of gerbera. Besides, the findings underscore the crucial role of GhTFL1 in regulating the inflorescence architecture of gerbera and significantly advance our understanding of genetic regulation of IM determinacy in the Asteraceae family.
  • Omran, Mohammad (2022)
    Strawberry breeding in Finland began 60 years ago and has largely relied on traditional breeding methods. The geography of Finland, as well as local consumer preferences for darker-coloured strawberries, have been the main focus of selection in all implemented Finnish breeding programs. With several successful and popular cultivars have been released, the current focus is on increasing yield and disease resistance while maintaining the excellent fruit quality of breeders' selections. A panel of 175 garden strawberry accessions was created and trialled at the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) as part of a Nordic-Baltic pre-breeding collaboration between the institute and the Norwegian breeding company Graminor AS. A medium-density, genome-wide scan for 50K SNPs has been performed on each individual of the panel. This panel represents the genetic diversity present and typical for cultivated strawberry in the Nordic-Baltic region, and it is expected to provide Nordic breeders with markers tailored to their plant material diversity, supporting their future selection decisions and accelerating their breeding cycles. In this study, symptom severities of two strawberry leaf diseases (leaf spot caused by Mycosphaerella fragariae and leaf scorch caused by Diplocarpon earlianum) and seven fruit quality traits (berry weight, skin colour, flesh colour, evenness of flesh colour, basket appearance, predominant berry shape and tip type) were scored in the panel. GAPIT and statgenGWAS statistical packages in R were used to run five different GWAS models: Significant SNP-trait associations were found using single-locus (GLM and MLM) and multi-locus (FarmCPU and BLINK) association mapping analyses. The study had shed a light on the importance of considering several statistical models and parameters for a maximum benefit of association mapping studies. Among significant SNP-trait associations for fruit weight, fruit skin colour and fruit flesh colour, four were partially characterized by inspecting their allelic effects. On chromosome Fvb6-1, appearance of consensus, significant signals from the flesh colour trait of secondary-position berries is discussed. Nine significant SNP-marker associations were detected for berry weight.
  • Bour, Charlotte (2022)
    Bilberry is a soft fruit, growing wild in the forests of Europe, and especially Nordic and East European countries. Its demand is growing on the market, thanks to its heath beneficial components like anthocyanins, present in both skin and flesh of the berry. It however has a very short shelf-life. The goal of this study was to identify pectinase genes, with a focus on two subfamilies, polygalacturonase (PG) and pectate lyase (PL). The main interest was to study those that are expressed during bilberry’s ripening, to get a better understanding of this process. Bioinformatics were used to identify the annotated genes from the bilberry genome, and point out candidates, from which transcripts are found during ripening, with BLAST searches within a transcriptome of ripening bilberry fruit. The expression of the PL candidates was then studied with qPCR analysis. The study identified 70 PG-coding genes and 25 PL-coding genes, of which 35 and 12, respectively, were found in the ripening berry. The expression of five PL genes was increased during ripening, suggesting a role in the softening of the fruit. Two of those had a notably higher relative increase, making them prime candidates for further study.
  • Vihanto, Noora (2023)
    Nykypäivänä maatalous on suurissa määrin niin Suomessa kuin globaalistikin riippuvainen teollisista typpilannoitteista, ja ne ovat olleet oleellinen osa maatalouden tuottavuuden kasvua. Niiden tuotantoprosessissa tarvitaan kuitenkin fossiilisia energianlähteitä ja mineraalilannoitteiden käytön yleistymisen myötä viljely on yksipuolistunut. Palkokasvien, kuten härkäpavun lisäämisellä viljelykiertoihin on mahdollista korvata teollisia typpilannoitteita biologisella typensidonnalla. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää härkäpavun esikasvivaikutusta kauran kuiva-aine- ja typpisadon muodostukseen. Tavoitteena oli myös tutkia typpilannoituksen vaikutusta kuiva-aine- ja typpisatoon sekä kauran biomassan ja typenoton kehitystä ajan suhteen, nettomineralisaatiota ja kumulatiivisia N2O-N-emissioita. Aineisto saatiin Leg4Life-hankkeen peltokokeen erilaisia viljelykasvijärjestyksiä edustavista koejäsenistä, joissa kasvoi kauraa kasvukaudella 2021. Kaurasta oli neljä koejäsentä, joilla oli eri esikasvit ja typpilannoitustasot: 1) lannoittamaton kaura, jonka esikasvina oli härkäpapu-rapsi-seos, jolla oli aluskasvina raiheinä 2) lannoitettu kaura (90 kg (N)/ha-1) jonka esikasvina oli härkäpapu-rapsi-seos, jolla oli aluskasvina raiheinä 3) lannoitettu kaura (90 kg (N)/ha-1) jonka esikasvina oli härkäpapu, jolla aluskasvina oli raiheinä, 4) monokulttuurina viljelty lannoitettu kaura (90 kg (N)/ha-1). Kasvustosta kerättiin biomassanäytteitä koko kasvukauden ajan ja sadonkorjuun yhteydessä kerättiin jyväsatonäytteet. Koeruuduista otettiin pintamaanäytteitä NH4+- ja NO3- -pitoisuuksien laskemiseksi ja N2O-emissioita mitattiin pimeäkammiomenetelmällä kahden viikon välein. Kaikkien kaurakoejäsenten kuiva-aine- ja typpisadot olivat samaa suuruusluokkaa, eikä käsittelyiden väliltä löytynyt tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja. Ennakko-odotusten vastaisesti ei havaittu, että kauralla, jonka esikasvina oli härkäpapu tai härkäpapu-rapsi-seos olisi merkittävästi suuremmat kuiva-aine- ja typpisadot verrattuna monokulttuurikauraan. Toisaalta kuiva-aine- ja typpisadot eivät olleet myöskään pienemmät verrattuna monokulttuurina viljeltyyn kauraan, mikä vastasi toista ennakko-odotusta. Myöskään typpilannoitetuilla koejäsenillä satojen ei havaittu olevan merkittävästi suurempia kuin ei-typpilannoitetun kaurakoejäsenen. Tulosten mukaan koeruuduissa, joissa oli härkäpapu esikasvina, kasvukauden alussa pintamaan NH4+- ja NO3- -pitoisuudet olivat suuremmat kuin monokulttuurikaurassa, mutta kasvukauden sääolosuhteiden vuoksi typpeä todennäköisesti poistui pintamaasta denitrifikaation tai huuhtoutumisen muodossa. Esikasvi- ja typpilannoituskäsittelyiden laskennalliset vaikutukset vaihtelivat. Korsien kuiva-ainesadon osalta ainoastaan härkäpavun satoa lisäävä vaikutus oli trendinomaisesti tilastollisesti merkitsevä. Typpisadon osalta härkäpavun positiivinen vaikutus oli trendinomaisesti tilastollisesti merkitsevä ja härkäpapu-rapsi-seoksen positiivinen vaikutus tilastollisesti merkitsevä. Vaikka tässä tutkimuksessa ei havaittu tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja eri koejäsenten kuiva-aine- ja typpisatojen välillä, ei myöskään ilmennyt, että härkäpapu esikasvina aiheuttaisi merkittäviä negatiivisia vaikutuksia sitä seuraavan kauran kuiva-aine- ja typpisatoon verrattuna monokulttuurikauraan, vaan sadot olivat samaa suuruusluokkaa. Kasvukausi 2021 oli sääolosuhteiltaan poikkeuksellinen vähäisen sadannan ja korkean keskilämpötilan suhteen, ja sen aiheuttamat sadonalenemat tässä tutkimuksessa voivat olla ennuste Suomen viljelyolosuhteiden tulevaisuudesta. Lisätutkimuksia aihepiiristä erityisesti Pohjoismaiden viljelyolosuhteissa tarvitaan.
  • Leivonmaa, Liina-Johanna (2023)
    European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is native to Europe also in Southern Finland. Commercial varieties of it are used in hazelnut production. There are many pests like squirrels which are also interested of hazelnuts, and they are usually collecting and hoarding the hazelnuts in the early stage of ripening before nuts are fully mature. In this study the aim was to find out when is the earliest moment to harvest the yield from the trees and ripe them successfully postharvest. The study was done in Helsinki, Finland where there were three different sampling sites. Sampling started when the hazelnuts were still fully green and raw. Sampling continued until there was none of hazelnuts left in the trees or they were fully mature. One sample contained about ten nuts and three samples were taken from each sampling site at each sampling date. After hazelnuts were collected, they were placed for post-harvest ripening to the growth chambre. The quality, stage of development and convenient harvest of time of hazelnuts were evaluated based on physical properties measurements of hazelnuts before and after post-harvest ripening. In addition, control samples were taken of the nuts that ripened natural way in the trees. There was done comparison of samples to the control sample for success of post-harvest ripening. The successful post-harvest ripening was founded earliest in the hazelnuts which would have started ripening process in the tree naturally in the moment of harvest. Earliest moment to harvest hazelnuts is when the kernels have reached their final size and the color of the nutshell begins to change from green to brown. But it is challenging to determine one harvest time for premature harvest because hazelnuts grow and ripe various times in the same tree in a long period. The further it is possible to postpone the harvest, the more certain it is to succeed in post-harvest ripening most of the nuts.
  • Orjala, Jenni (2023)
    Long-term, one-sided cultivation of crops has become more common in farming systems in recent decades, but at the same time, it has had negative impacts on soil structure, soil carbon reserves and the biodiversity of farming systems. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a legume that can be used to diversify crop rotations and improve protein self-sufficiency. Pea can symbiotically fix nitrogen from the atmosphere with the help of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria living in its root nodules, and convert it into usable forms for plants, thus reducing the need to use industrial fertilizers. The following crop may also benefit from the organic nitrogen derived from the pea crop residues and pea’s ability to reduce pest pressure on cereals. The aim of this study was to study the pre-crop effects of pea on the formation of dry matter and nitrogen yields of oat (Avena sativa L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). The study was conducted as a field experiment in Haltiala with a completely randomized block design in four replicates. The study included four oat treatments (fertilized with 90 kg (N) ha-1 and either oat, pea or pea-rapeseed mixture as a pre-crop, and unfertilized oat with a pea-rapeseed mixture as a pre-crop) and two rapeseed treatments (pea as a pre-crop, unfertilized or fertilized with 90 kg (N) ha-1). In the study, the pre-crop did not affect the amount or formation of dry matter or nitrogen yield of oats and rapeseed. The effect of fertilization on the formation of dry matter and nitrogen yield was also small, but the maximum rates of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake occurred earlier in fertilized than in non-fertilized treatments. Although pea as a pre-crop did not significantly affect the amount of dry matter and nitrogen yield of the crops during the growing season, it did not either affect them negatively compared to the monoculture oat because their yields were similar. Drought in June and July limited the release of nitrogen for plant use, which explains the effect of both the pre-crop and the fertilization treatment being rather small in the dry matter and nitrogen yield of oats and rapeseed. Pea very likely has a positive effect on the growth of the following crop, but further research is needed in different soil types and in more favorable weather conditions.
  • Ndah, Renata (2022)
    Aluminum (Al3+) toxicity is a major limiting factor in acidic soils when pH<5.5 and faba bean experiences yield decreases in these conditions. The multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family plays a vital role in Al3+ tolerance across species. This study searched for an ortholog of MtMATE66, a gene involved in Al3+ resistance in barrel medic, in faba bean and quantified the ortholog’s relative expression in 4 faba bean genotypes (GPID_0022, GPID_0153, GPID_0178 and GPID_0191). pBLAST of MtMATE66 in the faba bean unpublished genome identified the ortholog jg20333.t1, with 88.6 % identity, e-value 0.0 and bit score 880. InterPro Scan and NCBI CDD conserved domain queries classified jg20333.t1 as a MATE in the DinF subfamily. MEME Suite identified the 50-amino acid citrate exuding motif characteristic to MATEs exuding citrate in Al3+ tolerance while a multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis clustered jg20333.t1 with Al3+ -tolerant citrate exuding MATEs. The SWISS Model 3D structure and DeepTMHMM predicted an α-helical, twelve-transmembrane protein topology. The plasma membrane was predicted as the subcellular localisation of jg20333.t1 by ProtComp, WoLFSPORT and YLoc, however SignalP identified no signal peptides. The molecular weight 54.57kDa, theoretical isoelectric point 8.60 and grand average of hydropathicity 0.67 of jg20333.t1 were calculated by ProtParam. EMBOSS Needle and GSDS aligned 13 exons. Four biological replicates of faba bean plants were set up for 3 different treatments: acidic of pH 3.81 (Ac), acidic of pH 3.81 plus Al3+ (Al) and neutral of pH 6.01 (N) in a greenhouse and root tip samples were collected 45 days after transplanting in peat media for RNA extraction. The relative expression of jg20333.t1 was determined by RT-qPCR of jg20333.t1 as target gene, Vfactin as reference gene and N as internal calibrator. The Cq values generated were analysed using the 2-ΔΔCq method and showed high relative fold change in both Ac and Al. The upregulation in Al confirmed the implication of jg20333.t1 in faba bean tolerance to Al3+. The upregulation in Ac suggests upstream regulation by STOP transcription factor. The four genotypes had no significant difference in fold change. Based on these results, it is concluded that jg20333.t1 is a faba bean MATE gene, VfMATE, implicated in Al3+ tolerance by citrate exudation.
  • Jyakhwa, Sarkal (2022)
    Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is an economically important plant RNA virus causing huge damage to wide range of arable and vegetable crops. A study was conducted in Nicotiana benthamiana to know if a TuMV mutant carrying a mutation in a thoroughly conserved WD-domain interacting motif and WG motif in HCPro protein can be mechanically transmitted to a healthy plant or not. HCPRoWD is a mutation in “AELPR” motif where glutamic acid and arginine are replaced by alanine. This mutated virus is here referred as TuMVWD. Similarly, in TuMVAG the tryptophan residue in the WG pair is changed to alanine and this mutated HCPro is called as TuMVAG. Four treatments, TuMVWT (positive control), Mock (negative control), TuMVWD and TuMVAG were made. Three plants per treatment were agroinfiltrated and five plants per treatment were used for mechanical inoculation experiment. Green fluorescent protein (GFP), a quantitative reporter of gene expression, was measured followed by qPCR for quantification of vRNA (viral RNA) accumulation. In agroinfiltrated plants, newly emerged leaves showed strong fluorescence in TuMVWT and TuMVAG by 14 dpi (days post inoculation), but TuMVWD showed poor GFP as compared to TuMVWT. During mechanical inoculation experiment, none of the treatments developed GFP in systemic leaves by six dpi but by 14 dpi GFP accumulation in the upper leaves of TuMVWT and TuMVAG was increased. TuMVWD was not used for 2nd mechanical experiment as it did not cause systemic infection during 1st mechanical inoculation experiment even by 14 dpi. Results from vRNA accumulation showed that mechanical transmission of virus was reduced with TuMVAG and not possible with TuMVWD. However, mutations had negative effect on vRNA accumulation.
  • Lehti, Jasmin (2022)
    Couch grass is one of the most common perennial weeds that cause significant yield losses in temperate regions. In conventional farming, glyphosate has been commonly used to control couch grass. As attitudes and regulations are tightening towards the use of herbicides, it is necessary to find effective alternatives to replace herbicides, especially glyphosate. This master’s thesis aimed to examine the efficacy of different mechanical methods to control couch grass. The second aim was to study how these methods affect the spring cereal yield and its quality. The hypothesis was that with mechanical control methods couch grass can be controlled as effectively as with glyphosate. Data was collected from two field trials located in Inkoo and Ruukki in 2020-2021. The study plan included seven treatments: direct drilling, ploughing (in two treatments), tine cultivation, a combination of tine cultivation and ploughing, Kvickfinn cultivator, and fallowing. The coverage of couch grass was visually estimated before tillage and before harvest. Field trials were photographed with drones before harvest. The density of couch grass was defined from direct drilling plots before sowing. Biomass samples of couch grass and barley were collected from every plot for one square meter in Ruukki at harvest timing. Spring barley was harvested, and grain yield and its quality were analyzed. The coverage of couch grass was lower with Kvickfinn and fallowing than with direct drilling in Inkoo. There was no difference in yield and quality between mechanical control methods and direct drilling. In Ruukki the infestation of couch grass was more abundant and more even than in Inkoo. The coverage and biomass of couch grass were highest in direct drilled plots in Ruukki. The yield and quality of spring barley were the lowest and poorest in direct drilled plots. Couch grass was almost totally controlled with fallowing. It has to be taken into account that the results base on the data of only one growing season. Therefore, the long-term effects or the effects of weather are still uncertain. Based on the data, it is possible to conclude that fallowing is the most effective method to control couch grass. It seems that with mechanical control methods, couch grass can be controlled as effectively as with glyphosate. With mechanical control methods the spring cereal yield and quality were better than with direct drilling. It is important to control couch grass because it limits crop growth and yield formation.
  • Tarpio, Ximenna Alexandra (2021)
    Tiivistelmä - Referat – Abstract Acid sulfate soils are formed from sediment deposits containing sulfides, in which sulfur is present in the form of iron sulfides. In contact with air, the sulfur layer initiates a long-chain of biochemical and chemical reactions that increase the acidity of the soil and the amount of sulfate. Excessive acidity restricts plant development and growth. In acid soil, the aluminum solubility reaches a high level of toxicity for roots and slows down the microbiological degradation of organic matters, resulting in a reduction of nitrogen mineralization. Previous research results have shown that important liming has the potential to raise the pH of sulphate soils, and thereby reduce its acidity. With a high pH, the concentrations of ammonium and nitrate in the soil increase, facilitating nitrogen uptake and thereby also improving the efficiency of nitrogen uptake by plants. It has been speculated that, by increasing the nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization in plants, it will improve nitrogen use efficiency and so will reduce denitrification in sulphate soils and the resulting N2O emissions. However, to date, the studies on the effect of liming on plant nitrogen uptake (UPE) and utilization efficiency (UTE) and, consequently, on plant nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) have been minimal. The purpose of this study is to investigate how liming affects the yield formation and nitrogen uptake efficiency for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in unfertilized and fertilized acid sulfate soils. The field trial was established in Viikki, Helsinki, in the spring 2018. It followed split-plot design, in which the main plots were combinations of plant and nitrogen fertilization treatments (0 or 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare of fertilized barley (Kaarle) or unfertilized fallow) and lime treatments (0; 7,7; 15,3 t/ha) in four replicates. Liming raised the soil pH as expected and also increased nitrogen mineralization during the growing season, which is reflected in the nitrogen uptake. The effect of liming and fertilization on crop formation was small for barley biomass, yield component and grain yield. On the other hand, the liming effect reduced the nitrogen absorption efficiency and the nitrogen utilization efficiency and thereby the efficiency of nitrogen use. Fertilization also increased nitrogen uptake, but also decreased nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index. The combined effect of liming and fertilization increased nitrogen mineralization. Liming treatment clearly increased nitrogen mineralization more in unfertilized soils than fertilized (there was no difference between liming levels). The drought in June and the low moisture limited the mobilization of nitrogen released from fertilizer in the soil, which would explain the effect of the nitrogen fertilizer treatment remaining relatively small. The drought also limited the development of the roots and thus the uptake of nitrogen and other nutrients. Lime treatment did not change NUE, UPE and UTE, but increased nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen uptake during the growing season, suggesting that under more favorable conditions the liming treatment could improve the efficiency and therefore improve the profitability and ecology of the barley crop. Further studies are needed as the results of studies performed elsewhere may not be valid under boreal conditions.
  • Tammisto, Otto (2023)
    Farmers are increasingly aware of the drawbacks involved in traditional techniques to terminate vegetation. No-till methods have been implemented but in organic farming it has been difficult to find efficient alternatives to tilling. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of tarping as an alternative way of vegetation termination without tillage under the conditions of southern Finland. The study compared five different tarping treatments and bare fallow. The treatment period was 10 weeks, and the follow-up period was 4 weeks after the end of the treatments. The effectiveness of the treatment was monitored by estimating vegetation cover and studying the effect of treatment on soil, nitrogen content, moisture, temperature and structure. Occultation was found to be as efficient as bare fallow as a method to terminate vegetation. Solarization, on the other hand, even increased the growth of weeds. Tarping also had a positive effect on the humidity and nitrogen content of the topsoil. More research is needed since observations suggest that with larger sample size occultation would have been more efficient than bare fallow. Occultation can be a potential alternative tool for vegetation termination and weed control for small gardens/horticultural farms and landscaping.
  • Nummi, Iida (2022)
    Maissi (Zea mays L.) on yksi maailman yleisimmistä viljelykasveista. Maissia hyödynnetään maailmanlaajuisesti esimerkiksi ihmisravinnoksi, bioenergian tuotannossa sekä nautakarjan karkearehussa. Rehuna käytetään tuleentunut jyväsato tai koko kasvusto tuleentumattoman korjattuna. Tuleentumattomasta maissisadosta saadaan yhdellä korjuukerralla suurempi kuiva-ainesato kuin muista yksivuotisista rehukasveista tai säilörehunurmista. Runsas yhdellä korjuukerralla korjattava sato on lisännyt viljelijöiden kiinnostusta rehumaissinviljelyä kohtaan. Maissi voidaan kylvää muovista tai muusta katekalvomateriaalista valmistetun katteen alle. Katekalvo luo kasvulle kasvihuonemaiset olosuhteet ja nopeuttaa itämistä ja kasvuunlähtöä. Maissinviljelyä on tutkittu Suomen olosuhteissa vain vähän, joten lisää tutkimusta maissin viljelymenetelmistä tarvitaan. Tämän maisteritutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten katekalvon käyttö vaikuttaa rehumaissisadon määrään ja laatuun. Kenttäkoe tehtiin Helsingissä kasvukaudella 2018. Koe oli osaruutukoe, jossa pääruututekijä oli kolme korjuuajankohtaa ja osaruututekijänä oli katekalvo (katekalvo, ei katekalvoa). Katekalvon käyttö lisäsi tuore- ja kuiva-ainesadon määrää verrattuna katekalvottomaan käsittelyyn. Katekalvon käyttö lisäsi rehumaissista saatua tuoresatoa keskimäärin 5 tn/ha ja kuiva-ainesatoa (KA-sato) 2,2 tn/ha. Laatuominaisuuksista katekalvon käyttö vaikutti ainoastaan tärkkelyspitoisuuteen. Katekalvon käyttö lisäsi tärkkelyspitoisuutta 40 g/kg KA verrattuna katekalvottomaan. Katekalvon käyttö vaikutti odotetusti sadon määrään mutta ei laatuun. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että katekalvon käyttö mahdollistaa runsaamman tuore- ja KA-sadon kuin ilman katekalvoa. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella katekalvoa voidaan käyttää Suomen olosuhteissa kasvattamaan sadon määrää.
  • Heikkilä, Venla (2023)
    Hiilen kierto maaperän orgaanisen hiilen (SOC) ja ilmakehän välillä vaikuttaa sekä ilmastoon että maatalouden tuottavuuteen. Orgaaninen aines, johon maaperän hiili pääosin on sitoutunut, on maaperän tuottavuuden perusta. Viljelymaiden maaperän hiilipitoisuuden laskusta on tullut maailmanlaajuinen uhka kasvintuotannon kestävyydelle. Suomalaisilla viljelymailla on raportoitu viime vuosikymmeninä jatkuvaa hiilipitoisuuden laskua. Maaperän hiilipitoisuutta voidaan lisätä erilaisilla kierrätettävistä biomassoista valmistetuilla kierrätyslannoitevalmisteilla. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten neljä erilaista kierrätyslannoitekäsittelyä (biokaasumädätteet, nestelannoite + kuituliete, lihaluujauho, maanparannuskomposti + ammoniumsulfaatti) vaikuttavat maaperän hiilipitoisuuteen ja hiilipitoisuuden muutoksiin verrattuna väkilannoitettuun ja lannoittamattomaan kontrolliin monivuotisessa kenttäkokeessa. Tutkimuksen aineisto saatiin HYKERRYS-hankkeesta (2016–2021) peltokokeesta. Maan kokonaishiilipitoisuuden määritystä varten hyödynnettiin aineistoa, mikä oli kerätty ennen kokeen aloitusta, ennen runsashiilisten maanparannusaineiden ja kompostien levitystä sekä kaksi vuotta maanparannusaineiden ja kompostien levityksen jälkeen. Maanäytteet kerättiin sadonkorjuun jälkeen pintamaasta (maakerros 0-20 cm) maanäytekairoilla. Kokonaishiilipitoisuus oli määritetty vuosina 2016–2018 Variomax CN-analysaattorilla ja vuosina 2019–2021 LECO CN-analysaattorilla. Tulosten perusteella eri kierrätyslannoitekäsittelyllä aikaan saatu maaperän hiilipitoisuuden muutos runsasmultaisella hietasavimaalla ei eroa lannoittamattomasta tai väkilannoitetusta kontrollista. Kierrätyslannoitekäsittelyiden välillä oli tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja. Nestelannoite + kuitulieteruuduilla oli tilastollisesti merkitsevästi pienempi (8,3–10,8 %) hiilipitoisuus kuin muilla kierrätyslannoiteruuduilla lähtötilanteessa. Lihaluujauhoruutujen hiilipitoisuus oli tilastollisesti merkitsevästi pienempi (12,7–13,8 %) kuin väkilannoiteruuduilla ja nestelannoite + kuitulieteruuduilla 2021. Hiilipitoisuuden nousu viimeisenä vuotena nestelannoite + kuitulieteruuduilla (34 %:n nousu) oli tilastollisesti merkitsevästi suurempi kuin lihaluujauhoruuduilla (3 %:n nousu). Maaperän hiilipitoisuuden nousu viiden vuoden tarkastelujaksolla oli keskimäärin 17,5 % kaikissa koejäsenissä, myös lannoittamattomassa kontrollissa. Kierrätyslannoitteilla ei saatu merkitsevästi kontrolleja suurempaa pitoisuuden nousua aikaan. Tämän aineiston pohjalta ei voida selvittää maanpäällisen ja maanalaisen biomassan vaikutusta maaperän hiilipitoisuuteen, joten lisätutkimusta tarvitaan.
  • Hartikka, Laura (2023)
    Fertilization is one of the most significant factors that affects the yield formation of cereals. Decline of organic matter and soil degradation are consequences of excessive use of chemical fertilizers and other unsustainable ways of producing food. Industrial and urban by-products contain nutrient-rich biomass that can be utilized as fertilization for cereal crops. Organic recycled fertilizers also enhance the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil and reduce agriculture’s dependence on external inputs. However, impacts of recycled fertilizers on yield components of barley is understudied topic in Finland. Research of the topic would provide important information of yield formation of cereals with recycled nutrients. The aim of this thesis was to study the effects of meat and bone meal, ammonium sulphate, biogas sludge and vinasse on yield components and yield of barley in comparison with unfertilized control and chemical fertilizer. Data for this study was collected from HYKERRYS2-project’s (2019-2020) field in Helsinki. Yield components were separated and calculated from barley plant samples. One of this thesis’ aim was to study how the different nutrient contents of fertilizers and properties of loamy soil affect to yield formation between the fertilization treatments. Yield components or yield from recycled fertilizers didn’t differ statistically significantly from chemical fertilizer either year. In 2019, ammonium sulphate significantly increased yield by 55 % in comparison to the unfertilized control, and the difference was due to increased weight of heads (g/m2) and number of heads (m2). In 2020, biogas sludge significantly increased yield by 71 % in comparison to the unfertilized control and the difference was due to increased number of grains (m2) and weight of heads (g/m2). Grain yield correlated positively with the amount of soluble and total nitrogen, manganese, magnesium, and potassium in fertilization. In conclusion, recycled fertilizers are as effective on yield formation of barley as chemical fertilizers in a clay soil. In the future the use of recycled nutrients will likely increase, hence further research of the topic is needed. Climate change is predicted to increase drought and heat stress during the growing season, which will alter the yield formation. Farmer can’t fight the weather, but sustainable cultivation methods ease the adaptation to the new growing conditions. Recycling of nutrients also promotes the shift from current linear economy to circular economy.
  • Laine, Nora (2023)
    Pollination is highly important ecosystem service for food production. Especially the importance of insect pollination is high since many crops depend on insect pollination or benefit significantly from it. Populations of insect pollinators have declined globally over many decades and there are several reasons for it. For example, changes in landscape structure due to agricultural intensification causes declines in pollinator habitat such as field margins. Field margins are important for nesting and foraging of many insect pollinators. The aim of this study is to find out how the flowering plants in the field margins of turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera) and caraway (Carum carvi L.) affect the abundance and species richness of insect pollinators. The data of turnip rape has been collected from 34 field margins in the summer of 2017 in the Uusimaa region and the data of caraway has been collected from 30 field margins during summer 2019 also in Uusimaa region. Both insect pollinators and flowering plants were observed and recorded. Out of all the observed insect pollinator species hoverflies were abundant in both the field margins of turnip rape and caraway. The total coverage of flowering plants positively affected the abundance of insect pollinators in the field margins of caraway but the same result wasn´t detected on turnip rape. The total coverage of flowering plants on average was higher in the field margins of caraway than in the field margins of turnip rape. Also, the abundance of insect pollinators in total and the amount of insect pollinator species was higher in the field margins of caraway than turnip rape. The total coverage of flowering plants didn’t affect the amount of insect pollinator species in either the field margins of turnip rape or caraway. The abundance of inflorescences of Fabaceae in the field margins of caraway had a positive effect on the number of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) but the same result was not detected in the field margins of turnip rape. Also, the number of inflorescences of vetches (Vicia) positively affected the number of bumblebees in the field margins of caraway but not in the field margins of turnip rape. The results of this study show that the number of flowering plants in field margins affects the abundance and occurrence of insect pollinators. Further research would be important to understand the effect of field margins of multiple different crops to insect pollinators in order to secure insect pollination as an ecosystem service also in the future.
  • Yli-Puntari, Sanni (2022)
    The advantages of foliar fertilizers are to provide the necessary plant nutrients to the crop at the optimal time of growth and the miscibility of foliar fertilizers with plant protection products in the same tank mix, thus avoiding additional costs. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether the foliar fertilizers which are most commonly used by sugar beet farmers can be safely mixed with standard Conviso® One herbicide tank mixture without mixing problems or without phytotoxic symptoms on Smart KWS sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Altissima-Group). There was no previous study about the compatibility of foliar fertilizers in the standard Conviso® One tank mix and the result of this experiment were believed to provide significant information for the cultivation of Smart sugar beet. Two subtests were performed; a field trial for phytotoxic symptoms and a miscibility and 24 -hour standing test to determine the effect of hard and soft water on miscibility. The field test was organized at the one trial site of Sugar Beet Research Center in Meltola, Paimio and the mixing and standing trial was performed indoors in the same location. In both experiments, 11 different foliar fertilizers were tested. During the experiment visual mixing and application evaluations of sugar beet were performed. Sugar beet leaf and root samples were collected from the experiment area and one row of sugar beet was harvested for yield and quality analysis. There were two hypotheses; the miscibility of the standard Conviso® One tank mix together with foliar fertilizers doesn`t show any miscibility problems during the mixing or spraying, and the tank mixture doesn`t decrease the yield or quality of Smart sugar beet. The conclusion of this experiment was that the tested foliar fertilizers can be safely mixed into the basic Conviso® One tank mix without any miscibility problems during the mixing, spaying or after 24-hour standstill period. Miscibility problems were not observed with either water type (hard or soft) during mixing or after 24-hour standing time. The tank mixture didn`t have negative effect to Smart sugar beet yield but the treatments showed a difference in the potassium content of the root, which is one of the factors determining the quality of the sugar beet.
  • Kutilainen, Kukka (2024)
    Weed diversity has been found to have many positive effects on the field ecosystem. Diverse weed communities benefit crops by reducing competitive pressure from individual weeds and maintain ecosystem services. Organic fields have been found to have quantitatively more weed species than conventionally cultivated fields. This study compared the difference in weed diversity, which refers not only to the number of weed species but also to the evenness of their abundance, between organic and conventionally cultivated fields. The differences in diversity between organic fields and the factors influencing these differences were also examined. The study used data collected by the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) from spring cereal field weed surveys, which have been collected since the 1960s. The fifth three-year monitoring, the data of which are used in this study, was carried out between 2020 and 2022 and included 90 organic fields, for which conventionally cultivated counterparts from the same areas were selected for this study. For each field plot, 10 sampling points were randomly selected. The number of weed species found and the number of individuals were counted from the sampling points. Biomass samples of weeds and cereals were collected from four sampling points out of the ten. The results compared organic fields with conventionally cultivated fields and looked at differences in organic fields in relation to geographical location, different farming practices and how long the field had been under organic cultivation. Weed diversity was assessed using three different variables: the average number of weed species and the Shannon diversity indexes H' and E, which describe species abundance and evenness. Differences in weed species and diversity were found between organic and conventionally cultivated fields. More weed species were found quantitatively in organic fields, but the evenness of weed species in the plots was similar for both production methods. The prevalence of the most common weed species was higher in organic fields compared to conventionally cultivated fields. Differences in diversity and dry matter content of cereals between organic fields were influenced by geographical location. Among the cropping practices, the use of undersown crops reduced species evenness and fertilization increased dry weight of cereals. The time the organic field had been in organic production did not affect weed diversity or dry weight of the cereals.
  • Tamminen-Nouidra, Pauliina (2024)
    Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten Helsingin yliopiston maatalous-metsätieteellisen tiedekunnan pro gradu - tutkielmien aiheet heijastavat Suomen maatalous- ja metsäpolitiikkaa. Tutkimus on toteutettu synteettisellä review- tutkimuksella. Tämän tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty Helsingin yliopiston Helda-järjestelmäkannasta maatalous- metsätieteellisen tiedekunnan pro gradu -tutkielmista, joista on tehty kirjallisuuskatsaus. Aineisto on kerätty vuosilta 2010- 2019 ja jokaiselta vuodelta on 16 tutkielmaa eli yhteensä 160 pro gradu -tutkielmaa, jonka aihe tarkastelee Suomen maa- tai metsätaloutta. Aineiston analysoinnin apuna on käytetty teemoittelua. Pro gradu -tutkielmien tutkimusaiheita on tutkittu eri tieteenaloilla melko vähän tiedonhankintatapana poliittisen päätöksenteon tuen näkökulmasta. Voisiko maisteritutkielmat sopia systemaattisesti kyseisen alan poliittisen päätöksenteon ja strategiatyön tueksi? Maisteriopiskelijat ovat mahdollisesti tulevaisuuden tutkijoita ja alansa asiantuntijuuden alkutaipaleella sekä toimivat ympäristössä, joka on aktiivinen ja reaaliaikainen kehittämään tulevaisuutta paremmaksi. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että pro gradu -tutkielmissa mainitut aiheet heijastivat hyvin Suomen maatalous- ja metsäpolitiikkaa. Maisteriopiskelijat olivat hyvin “ajan hermolla” tutkiessaan tärkeitä ilmiöitä maa- ja metsätaloudessa. Aiheet heijastivat hyvin tutkimuksessa politiikkakeskustelun vertailuna käytettynä strategisia tavoitteita, Euroopan yhteistä maatalouspolitiikkaa (CAP Common Agricultural Policy) ja Suomen Kansallista metsästrategiaa 2025. Helsingin yliopiston maatalous-metsätieteellisen tiedekunnan pro gradu -tutkielmissa mainittiin maa- ja metsätalouden ympäristöasioista (kiertotalous, ekologisuus, energian käyttö, uusiutuvat luonnonvarat, luonnonmonimuotoisuus, kaupungistuminen, hyönteistuhot, kasvien haittavaikutukset kuten vieraslajit), niiden elintarvikkeista ja terveydestä (elintarvikehaitat ja väärennökset, ihmisten ja eläinten terveys, ruokailutottumukset), yritysten liiketoiminnasta (vastuullisuus, henkilökunta, jalostus ja laatu, riskit ja tuottavuus, markkinatilanne) sekä maa- ja metsätalouden tuotannosta (ympäristövastuu, tehokkuus, kustannukset). Esimerkiksi luonnon monimuotoisuus ja yritysten tehokkuus mainittiin useammin verrattuna kaikkiin muihin tutkimuksessa esiin tulleisiin aiheisiin. Pro gradu -tutkielmatpystyvät mahdollisesti toimimaan maa- ja metsätalouden tiedonhankintatapana poliittisen päätöksenteon ja strategiatyön tueksi. Pro gradu -tutkielmat voisivat olla yhtenäinen materiaalipohja, joka on linkitetty datajärjestelmänä suoraan Suomen maa- ja metsätalouden päätöksenteon ja strategiatyön työvälineeksi. Jatkotutkimuksia varten pitäisi tutkia laajemmin tutkielmien ottoa eri tieteenaloilta kohdennettuna niiden alojen päätöksentekoelimien systemaattiseen tiedonhankintaan mukaan, jotta hyötysuhde varmistettaisiin.
  • Hakala, Katri (2024)
    Ilmastonmuutos on ajankohtainen ilmiö, joka tulee muuttamaan maataloutta maailmanlaajuisesti, minkä takia sen kokonaisvaltainen ymmärtäminen on tärkeää maataloustieteiden opiskelijoille. Ilmastonmuutos on monimutkainen ilmiö ja sen oppiminen on havaittu vaikeaksi. Ilmastonmuutoksen ja siihen liittyvien vuorovaikutussuhteiden ymmärtämiseksi tarvitaan systeemistä ajattelua, joka on ajattelun taito ja lähestymistapa monimutkaisten ja suurien kokonaisuuksien ymmärtämiselle. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli kartoittaa maataloustieteiden ensimmäisen vuoden opiskelijoiden(N=55) systeemisen ajattelun tasoa opintojen alussa sekä systeemisen ajattelun kehittymistä ensimmäisen opiskeluvuoden aikana ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksista kasvintuotantoon Suomessa. Lisäksi tutkielmassa kartoitettiin, millaisia virhekäsityksiä aiheeseen liittyen opiskelijoilla esiintyi tutkimuksen aikana. Tutkielman tuloksien mukaan maataloustieteiden opiskelijoilla oli heikot systeemisen ajattelun taidot ilmastomuutoksen vaikutuksista kasvintuotantoon opintojen alussa. Tuloksissa opiskelijoiden systeemisen ajattelun havaittiin kehittyvän ensimmäisen opiskeluvuoden aikana. Tuloksien mukaan opiskelijoilla esiintyi joitakin virhekäsityksiä liittyen ilmastonmuutokseen, joista keskeisimpänä havaittiin usealla opiskelijalla oleva virhekäsitys valon määrän lisääntymisestä ilmastonmuutoksen seurauksena. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää tulevaisuudessa maataloustieteiden opetuksen suunnittelussa ja kehittämisessä, jossa systeemisen ajattelun sisällyttäminen opetukseen on tärkeää vaikeiden ilmiöiden oppimisessa. Lisäksi opetuksessa olisi tärkeää tunnistaa opiskelijoiden mahdollisia virhekäsityksiä ja pyrkiä saamaan opiskelijat tietoisiksi näistä aiemmista virhekäsityksistään, mikä auttaa heitä kehittämään tieteellistä ymmärrystään.