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The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) has an astounding ability to regenerate entire lost body parts throughout its life. Significant progress has been made in recent years to understand the mechanisms of axolotl regeneration, but how the animal maintains its capacity for successful regeneration remains obscure. In mammals, the ability to repair damaged tissue drastically declines with age, in part due to the accumulation of senescent cells. However, in axolotls, the number of senescent cells does not increase upon aging. Low levels of chronic senescence in axolotls have been proposed to support their ability to regenerate even at an old age. Axolotls can efficiently clear senescent cells, but whether they can prevent the induction of senescence is not known. This thesis provides the first indication of a secreted anti-senescence activity from axolotl cells. Data presented here show that conditioned medium from cultured axolotl cells reduces senescence and increases proliferation in mouse embryonic fibroblast, a widely used model for spontaneous senescence. Remarkably, conditioned media from other tested cell types, namely cervical cancer cells and young mouse embryonic fibroblasts, did not considerably affect senescence, despite extensively increasing proliferation. Taken together, secreted factors from cultured axolotl cells seem to reduce senescence directly, and not by merely promoting proliferation. This observation forms a basis for future endeavors to determine whether preventing senescence facilitates regeneration in vivo.

Previous research has shown that colonization had profound impacts on precolonial Indigenous communities in North America. From the first contact, the explorers’ perception was colored by Eurocentric ideas rooted in European social systems, religion, cultures, and values, which called into question the moral worth and very humanity of Indigenous peoples. In Canada, colonialism introduced Indigenous peoples with a new social order, including new political, social, cultural, and economic structures, as well as a new stigmatized Indigenous identity, which became foundational for subsequent laws, policies, and institutional practices that aimed to erase those very elements deemed problematic. In Canada, Indigenous people have since colonization persistently suffered from poorer health compared to settler and more recent immigrant populations. Research points to both proximal and distal determinants behind the disparities documented in Indigenous health, and suggests that along with contemporary socioeconomic conditions, the distal factors of colonialism, virgin soil epidemics, and policies of subjugation and assimilation have been traumatic and have contributed negatively to the contemporary Indigenous population’s health. This research thesis is located in the field of medical anthropology and examines health, illness, and healing as culturally shaped, personal, embodied, and shared experiences, meanings, and illness realities. The theory used this thesis rests on an embodied meaning-centered approach of illness, which suggests that elements from the psychobiological, sociocultural, symbolic, political, and historical experiential realms blend to form a network of meanings for a sufferer, an embodied experience of an illness world that is shared as part of a community. Situated in the context of colonial history and present health disparities, the research questions of this thesis center on discovering major themes of embodied experiences and meanings of health, illness, and healing in an urban Indigenous community. Altogether eight weeks of daily ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in an Indigenous urban community in Vancouver, Canada, in the spring of 2017. The data for this thesis consisted of fieldnotes, ten individual interviews and one group interview, taped public speeches, photographs, and videos. A thematic analysis identified six significant categories of embodied meanings and experiences of health, illness, and healing in community narratives: colonization and colonialisms, colonization traumas, structural violence, survivance and resilience, reconciliation, and healing with culture. This thesis establishes that colonization and various colonialisms with policies of subjugation and assimilation are seen by community members as profoundly traumatic events with negative impacts on health that persist intergenerationally to this day. Collective memories of colonization and colonialisms inform what it once meant to be healthy, how communities became sick, and how they can become healthy again. Due to contemporary experiences of structural violence and racism, Indigenous community members continue to experience Canada as an enduring colonial space. Healing for community members is achieved by decolonizing minds from the once stigmatized identities introduced by colonization and by reindigenizing their world through reintroducing the original cultures and cultural identities back into their daily practices and healing their perceptions of the self.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the cumulative probability of a false-positive (FP) test result during the Finnish 20-year breast cancer screening program. This study is based on breast cancer screening data provided by the Mass Screening Registry of the Finnish Cancer Registry, which consists of women aged 50–51 years at the time of their first invitation to mammography screening in 1992–1995. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) are used to estimate the cumulative probability of a FP screening result. In the theoretical part we present the corresponding theory together with reviewing the theory of generalized linear models (GLM). The cumulative probabilities are calculated from the modeling of individual examinations by using the theory and formulas of conditional probability. The confidence intervals (Cl) are calculated by using Monte Carlo simulation relying on the asymptotic properties of the GEE estimates. The estimated cumulative risk of at least one FP during the screening program was 15.84% (95% Cl: 15.49–16.18%). Previous FP findings increased the risk of (another) FP results with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.91 (95% Cl: 1.78–2.04), and OR 3.09 (95% Cl: 2.49–3.83) for one or more previous FP results, respectively. Irregular screening attendance increased the risk of FP results with an OR of 1.46 (95% Cl: 1.37–1.56).

Currency undervaluation is a well-known and commonly used method for stimulating economic growth. Although the exact effects of exchange rate arrangements on international trade are highly debated, the fact that strong interlinkages between the two exist is unquestionable. This thesis departs from the generally accepted truth that an undervalued currency functions in practice as a subsidy to exports and tariff on imports. By using the method of legal dogmatics, the thesis analyzes how currency undervaluation can be assessed under international law, focusing on the examination of whether invoking the provisions of the IMF Articles of Agreement or WTO agreements to challenge currency undervaluation could be successful. In order to understand the issues behind this question, the first part of this thesis provides a short overview of the history of international regulation of currencies and the rise and fall of the Bretton Woods system. Parting from the principle of monetary sovereignty and its implications, the thesis provides a cursory glance at the development of international obligations regarding currencies and exchange rates. The second part deals shortly with the relevant provisions of the IMF’s Articles of Agreement and the shortcomings related thereto. Article IV(1)(iii) of the IMF Articles of Agreement places an obligation on member states to avoid manipulating exchange rates in order to gain an unfair competitive advantage over other members. Despite in theory providing an answer to the problem of currency undervaluation, this provision is in practice essentially inoperative, due to the subjective element included in it. Even in the unlikely case that the IMF were to reach the decision that one of its members was in breach of this Article, it has no effective dispute settlement system it could avail itself of if the said member state did not comply with the IMF’s recommendations to remove the breach. With the IMF being unable to effectively deal with the issue, the attention of politicians and academics alike has turned to the WTO, which provides an extremely effective dispute settlement mechanism. Due to its tariff-cum-subsidy effects, currency undervaluation makes it possible for WTO members to circumvent their obligations under the WTO agreements by nullifying, or at least diminishing, the effects of tariff concessions and eluding the prohibition on granting export subsidies. This thesis aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the WTO provisions that are most probable to be invoked with the aim of curbing currency undervaluation: Article XV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the WTO provisions on subsidies. As an integral part of this examination, the thesis first discusses the relationship between the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization in currency-related matters and the division of jurisdiction between the two institutions. The main finding in this regard is that although the interpretation of these provisions could in theory be stretched in order to cover currency undervaluation, the WTO cannot at present provide a sustainable answer to the issue of currency undervaluation. This thesis argues that the problems in adjudicating currency manipulation essentially arise from historical developments and the failure to adapt the instruments of international law to a new economic reality. This, together with the fear of overlapping jurisdictions between international institutions, has led to a loophole in international economic law. Initially the division of authority between the WTO and the IMF was clear: exchange rate issues under the par value system were a matter to be dealt with exclusively within the IMF. After the breakdown of the par value system, misuse of monetary policies became easier and more frequent, but nothing was done to reinforce the authority of the IMF. This has led to a situation where the IMF has the jurisdiction to deal with exchange rate issues, but lacks an effective enforcement mechanism to ensure that its rulings are followed. The WTO on the other hand has at its disposal an extremely effective dispute resolution mechanism but lacks jurisdiction regarding currency issues.

Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common type of ovarian cancer and is the most lethal gynecologic cancer due to its late diagnosis. Compared to ovarian cancer, endometrial carcinoma, as the most common gynecologic malignancy, is referred to as the “curable cancer”, as it can be detected early. As aberrant promoter methylation patterns are a common change in human cancer, detection of promoter methylation status may help in early diagnosis. In this study, we used a custom-designed methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) assay as a rapid and easy method, to simultaneously detect the methylation status of multiple genes in ovarian and endometrial cancer samples. Aims: To design and test an MS-MLPA assay for analyzing promoter methylation of four genes associated with ovarian and endometrial cancers. The selected genes were HNF1 homeobox B (HNF1β), Ten-eleven translocation 1(TET1), L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), and AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A). These genes are known to have expression changes by DNA methylation. Methods: The promoter DNA methylation patterns of these four genes were analyzed in 15 cancer cell lines and 5 normal cell lines and DNAs using bisulfite sequencing. Six synthetic probe pairs were designed and optimized by applying them to cancer and normal cell lines and normal DNAs and comparing the results with those of bisulfite sequencing. Finally, the MS-MLPA assay was performed on patient specimens according to the MRC-HOLLAND MS-MLPA general protocol and methylation frequencies were calculated from MS-MLPA data. Results and conclusion: The MS-MLPA assay gave accurate methylation results with the 170 samples assayed. The HNF1B, L1CAM, and TET1 Genes were observed methylated in tumor samples whereas they were not methylated in the normal samples or showed very little methylation, suggested to be favorable diagnostic markers. MS-MLPA robustly and sensitively detects the promoter DNA methylation status.

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tutkia asiakkaiden havaintoja palvelun laatuun ja yrityksen imagoon liittyen. Laatuun ja imagoon liittyvät näkökohdat liittyvät tutkimuksessa Metso konsernin OneMetso konseptiin. Tutkimuksen kohteena olevat asiakasyritykset edustavat sellu- ja paperiteollisuutta sekä voimantuotantoa. Käsitteistöltään tutkimus perustuu laatua ja yrityksen imagoa käsittelevään kirjallisuuteen. Kirjallisuuskatsaus esittelee laatuun ja erityisesti palveluiden laatuun liittyviä erityispiirteitä. Olemassa oleva palveluiden laatua koskeva kirjallisuus perustuu pitkälti yritysten ja yksityishenkilöiden väliseen suhteeseen ja teoreettiselta pohjaltaan SERVQUAL tai Nordic model malleihin. Edellä mainittujen mallien ulottuvuuksia on hyödynnetty myös tässä tutkimuksessa, mutta painotus on yritysten välisessä (B2B) asiayhteydessä. Tämän alan tutkimuksia on tehty viime vuosikymmenenä. Tutkimuksen tulokset perustuvat kyselytutkimukseen joka on tehty Metson sellu- ja paperi sekä voimantuotannon asiakkaille. Kyselyn on tehnyt puhelinhaastatteluihin erikoistunut yritys. Kyselytutkimuksen vastaukset on tässä tutkimuksessa tilastollisesti analysoitu käyttäen ei-parametrista testausmenetelmää. Perustuen vastausten jakaumaan käytetty testausmenetelmä kaikille kysymyksille oli riippumattomien näytteiden Mann-Whitneyn U testi. Tilastollisen testauksen tuloksien perusteella nollahypoteesi hylätään kahdessa asiakkaille esitetyssä kysymyksessä kaikkiaan neljästätoista. Automation ja Power segmenttien asiakkaiden havainnot ovat yhteneviä useimmissa laatuun liittyvistä kysymyksistä. Saadut tulokset tukevat Metson One Metso konseptia. Jatkotutkimuksen aiheena toimisi keskittyminen yrityksen nykyisiin muuttuneisiin segmentteihin syventäen samallamkyselyn laatunäkökohtia.

In the modern era, using personalization when reaching out to potential or current customers is essential for businesses to compete in their area of business. With large customer bases, this personalization becomes more difficult, thus segmenting entire customer bases into smaller groups helps businesses focus better on personalization and targeted business decisions. These groups can be straightforward, like segmenting solely based on age, or more complex, like taking into account geographic, demographic, behavioral, and psychographic differences among the customers. In the latter case, customer segmentation should be performed with Machine Learning, which can help find more hidden patterns within the data. Often, the number of features in the customer data set is so large that some form of dimensionality reduction is needed. That is also the case with this thesis, which includes 12802 unique article tags that are desired to be included in the segmentation. A form of dimensionality reduction called feature hashing is selected for hashing the tags for its ability to be introduced new tags in the future. Using hashed features in customer segmentation is a balancing act. With more hashed features, the evaluation metrics might give better results and the hashed features resemble more closely the unhashed article tag data, but with less hashed features the clustering process is faster, more memory-efficient and the resulting clusters are more interpretable to the business. Three clustering algorithms, K-means, DBSCAN, and BIRCH, are tested with eight feature hashing bin sizes for each, with promising results for K-means and BIRCH.

Sosiolingvistisessa pro-gradu -tutkielmassani tarkastellaan englannin kielen perinteisiä sukupuolittuneiksi koettuja kielenpiirteitä, niihin yhdistettyjä sukupuolistereotypioita ja niiden esiintymistä viimevuosien Hollywood -menestyselokuvissa. Tutkielmani selvittää, tunnistetaanko nämä perinteiset, vuosikymmeniä vallinneet uskomukset sukupuolittuneista kielenpiirteistä edelleen ja tutkii sitä, mihin sukupuoleen nämä kielen piirteet yhdistetään. Lisäksi tutkielma tarkastelee näiden kielellisten sukupuolistereotypioiden leviämistä Suomeen ja tämän leviämisen mahdollista yhteyttä Hollywood -menestyselokuvassa esiintyvään dialogiin. Tutkielman tulokset pohjautuvat verkossa toteutettuun kyselytutkimukseen. Tutkielmani teoriatausta perustuu ensisijaisesti kielitieteilijä Robin Lakoffin teoksessaan Language and a Woman’s Place (1975) esittämiin väittämiin spesifeistä kielipiirteistä, jotka voidaan katsoa perinteisiksi englannin kielen kielellisiksi sukupuolistereotypioiksi. Tutkielma pyrkii valottamaan massakulttuurissa käytetyn englannin kielen vaikutusta sukupuolittuneiden kielistereotypioiden muodostumiseen ja vahvistumiseen. Analyysin kohteeksi ovat valikoituneet Hollywood-menestyselokuvat elokuva-alalla vallitsevan sukupuoliepätasa-arvon sekä Hollywoodin mittavan vaikutusvallan vuoksi. Lisäksi Hollywood-elokuvien dialogia ei ole aiemmissa tutkimuksissa tarkasteltu näiden stereotyyppisten perinteisten kielipiirteiden näkökulmasta. Kyselytutkimuksessa pyydettiin osallistujia arvioimaan kymmentä vuorosanasitaattia, jotka oli valikoitu vuosina 2017–2018 tuotetuista Hollywood –menestyselokuvista ja jotka sisälsivät Lakoffin nimeämiä, sukupuolittuneiksi koettuja kielenpiirteitä. Kyselyn avulla tutkittiin, mitkä kielelliset piirteet vaikuttavat mielipiteen muodostumiseen puhujan sukupuolesta, kun vuorosanasitaattien puhujaa eikä kontekstia tiedetä. Osallistujien tuli valita mihin sukupuoleen he yhdistävät kunkin vuorosanasitaatin kolmesta vaihtoehdosta: nainen, mies ja en osaa sanoa. Lisäksi osallistujilla oli mahdollisuus vastata vapaaehtoiseen avoimeen kysymykseen, jossa pyydettiin kommentoimaan annettua vastausta. Kyselyyn oli mahdollista osallistua, mikäli henkilö puhui äidinkielenään joko Amerikan englantia tai suomea. Kyselyyn osallistui 100 henkilöä ja sen tulosten analyysi toteutettiin vertaamalla saatuja vastauksia vastaajien iän, sukupuoli-identiteetin ja äidinkielen perusteella. Tutkielman päälöydöksiä olivat se, että perinteisesti sukupuolittuneiksi koetut kielen piirteet tunnistettiin pääosin hyvin, sekä se, että osallistujien vastaukset eivät muutamaa poikkeusta lukuun ottamatta eronneet merkittävästi toisistaan. Ensin mainittu löydös osoittaa, että osallistujat tunnistavat kielen piirteet ja yhdistävät ne siihen sukupuoleen, johon stereotypiat on perinteisesti liitetty. Jälkimmäinen löydös puolestaan merkitsee sitä, että englannin kielen sukupuolistereotypioiden tunnistaminen ei katso ikää, sukupuoli-identiteettia eikä äidinkieltä. Lisäksi kyselyn laadullisesta aineistosta nousi esille kiinnostava sivulöydös: vuorosanasitaattien semanttinen sisältö sekä kyselytutkimukseen vastanneiden sitaateille luomat kuvitteelliset kontekstit vaikuttivat suuresti siihen, mihin sukupuoleen vuorosanasitaatit yhdistettiin. Löydös on merkityksellinen, sillä se viittaa siihen, että kielelliset sukupuolistereotypiat pohjautuvat mahdollisesti enemmän kielen semanttisiin ja pragmaattisiin ominaisuuksiin kuin näihin vuosikymmeniä tutkittuihin, perinteisesti sukupuolittuneina pidettyihin kielen piirteisiin.

Cyanobacteria of the order Nostocales, including Baltic Sea bloom-forming species Nodularia spumigena, Aphanizomenon flosaquae, Dolichospermum spp., produce resting stages, known as akinetes, under unfavorable conditions. These akinetes can persist in the sediment and germinate if favorable conditions return, simultaneously representing past blooms and possibly contributing to future bloom formation. The present study characterized cyanobacterial akinete survival, germination, and potential toxin production in 40-to-175- year-old brackish water sediment archives in order to understand historical bloom expansion, akinete persistence, and cyanobacteria life cycles in the northern Baltic Sea. Results showed that cyanobacterial akinetes can persist in and germinate from northern Baltic Sea sediment up to 424 and 174 years old, at coastal and open-sea locations respectively. Akinete abundance and viability decreased with age and depth of vertical sediment layers. Increases in sediment organic matter content and akinete abundance largely corresponded with the historical expansion of anthropogenic eutrophication-fueled blooms of cyanobacteria in the northern Baltic Sea, beginning in the mid-twentieth century. The detection of potential hepatotoxin production from akinetes and revived cultures was minimal and restricted to the coastal sediment core. Phylogenetic analysis of culturable cyanobacteria from the coastal sediment core indicated that the majority of strains likely belonged to benthic genera Anabaena. Findings also supported the notion that, in comparison with Nodularia and Aphanizomenon spp. akinetes, Anabaena/Dolichospermum spp. akinetes play a more significant role in their life cycle and bloom initiation strategies. Further research is recommended to accurately quantify akinetes and create a higher rate of toxin gene detection from brackish water sediment samples in order to further describe species-specific benthic archives of cyanobacteria. Overall, measuring cyanobacterial akinete abundance, germination experiments, and genetic methods can be effectively used to determine akinete persistence, viability, and potential toxin production in brackish water sediment samples. This study highlights the prolonged survival of cyanobacterial akinetes in northern Baltic Sea sediment samples, up to 174 years old.

This research will be comprised of five main parts which are directly correlated to achieve some well-based conclusions. The first part will be regarding cybersecurity in general and cybersecurity in the European Union. Here we will give some data that will show the relevance of the topic in our daily life, while at the same time demonstrating why it is so important to have a good cybersecurity strategy to protect the Union’s citizens. In the second part, we will analyse the cybersecurity-related legislation in the European Union, which will give us a good head start as to how we stand in the European Union. The third part will consist of the analysis and description of the law enforcement agencies cooperation with companies in the European Union and how this cooperation can be successful enough for the benefit of the whole Union. In the fourth part we will discuss injunctions in the European Union, in general, and then we will specifically discuss injunctions in the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain. Last, but not least, we will analyse the United States’ legislation and law enforcement agency regarding cybersecurity. Also, during the course of our research, we will interview two Associate General Counsels of one of the biggest technology firms in the world, Microsoft. Microsoft is a leading company in the cybersecurity space with a broad range of experience of working to disrupt malware and botnets, through private law and through law enforcement partnership.