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Aim: The purpose of the study was to create an image of the teachers' future vision for the school's activities and to outline an organizational culture that supports this activity. The research questions of the study were: 1. "How do teachers shape a future vision for the school?" and 2. "What kind of organizational culture do teachers experience as supporting for the school's future activities?" The research problem is formed by a time characterized by constant change, which places high demands on schools. The research provides a tool for and is part of a larger development process the school undergoes. Methods: The research was conducted as a case study of a specific school. The school had 15 teachers, nine of which participated in the research. The used data were essays written by teachers using a one-question method and the analysis-method was analysis of narrative. The research approach was of abductive form and the focus of the study was hermeneutical. Results and conclusions: Based on the analyzed data, a future vision for the school's activities has been created and an organizational culture that supports the future activities has been described. The most significant elements in the results are the teachers' common vision of a school as a safe environment where both students and staff feel good, appreciated and taken into account. Concrete actionplans for implementation are also formed. The study presents a collaboratively created vision and action plan for the development of the organizational culture in the school and is used as a tool in the ongoing development process of the school.

Abstract Background: Irritable bowel syndrome is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. More than 60% of IBS patients report that certain foods, such as legumes, trigger intestinal symptoms. Legumes contain α-galacto-oligosaccharides (α-GOS), which belong to FODMAP-carbohydrates, that are not absorbed in the small intestine. When they pass to large intestine, α-GOS are fermented by gut microbiota, causing abdominal bloating and aggravated intestinal symptoms in IBS patients. Enzymatic processing could reduce the amount of α-GOS in food. Oral α-galactosidase enzyme has been reported to effectively reduce gas production and relieve gas-related symptoms in healthy individuals and pediatric IBS patients. The effects of enzymatic treatment of foods on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms have not been previously studied. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate whether α-galactosidase treated pea-based crackers, compared to control crackers, will reduce GI symptoms in people suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or functional bloating (FB). The second aim of the study was to investigate the associations between nutrient and food intake and GI symptoms. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled two-period crossover study. Participants, were aged 22 -– 57 years. who suffered from irritable bowel syndrome or functional bloating based on the Rome IV criteria (n=24). Each participant received a three-day portion of either α-galactosidase-treated or control, pea-based crackers on each study week. The participants reported their GI symptoms throughout the study weeks and kept a food diary on the cracker eating days and during the run-in period. Maximum values of symptoms, symptom sum scores, as well as the average intake of nutrients and foods were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test, Friedman's dependent samples test, correlation analyzes and linear regression. Results: No significant statistical difference was seen in between the maximum values of the symptoms during the study weeks. However, maximum values of abdominal bloating, flatulence, stomach noise, nausea and heartburn were consistently higher during the control week. Several nutrients and foods such as fiber, fat, glucose, fructose, and maltose, were significantly related to the GI symptoms during the study weeks. Conclusions: Since the enzyme-treated product was not better tolerated than the control product, it is possible that other components in the crackers or diet have overshadowed the possible benefits of α-galactosidase treatment. There is some evidence of beneficial effects ofSupplementation with α-galactosidase supplementation, but has shown some beneficial effects, however the results of α-galactosidase in alleviating GI symptoms in adult patients suffering from IBS are inconclusive. More studies on the effects of enzyme-treated food are needed in people suffering from IBS and FB are needed.

Pulled Oats preparations are a new plant protein source that contain oats, pea and faba bean. People have been hyping this high-quality protein product but there may be a concern about possible naturally occurring compounds, which can deteriorate the health of sensitive individuals. The literature review deals with the chemical properties, analytics, health effects of FODMAPs (fermented oligo-, di- and monosaccharides and polyols), vicine and convicine but also different treatment methods to reduce their concentrations. In the experimental work the concentrations of antinutrients were analysed and the bases of enzyme treatments were investigated to aid future research in reducing antinutrients in Pulled Oats. Three different samples from the Pulled Oats and four samples from the company X´s processes were analysed. The FODMAPs were analysed using water extraction and HPAEC-PAD (high performance anion exchange chromatography connected to a pulsed amperometric detector). The vicine and convicine were analysed using perchloric acid extraction and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). For the enzyme treatments, the samples were extracted and the supernatant was used for incubation. Two different kinds of α-galactosidase were used to decrease the amounts of FODMAPs and β-galactosidase was used to reduce vicine and convicine amounts. Pulled Oats contained FODMAPs and this can cause problems in the digestive system especially for people who suffer from IBS (irritable bowel syndrome). Pulled Oats also contained some vicine and convicine, which can be harmful for individuals lacking G6FD (glucose-6-fosfate dehydrogenase). The amounts of antinutrients did not decrease during the Pulled Oats´ process whereas in the company X´s process they did. The enzyme treatments in laboratory conditions were effective for reducing the amounts but in the Pulled Oats´ processing conditions the result was not significant. The best way to eliminate the antinutrients could be enzyme treatments in the company X´s process. This study gave valuable knowledge for future investigations.

The literature review focused on the characteristics of bread-quality rye and how the composition and functional properties of rye are influenced by genotype and environment. Traditional rye sourdough baking process and main baking quality measurements were reviewed. The aim of this work was to identify baking quality of rye flour with different falling numbers. Another aim was to identify the measurement that best determines the quality of rye flour for sourdough baking and to find enzymes that can be used to improve poor-quality flour. In the experimental study, the baking quality of rye flours with different falling numbers (100, 130, 200, 300) was examined in processes for making sourdough rye loaves and serving-size flat breads. Rye flours with high falling numbers (200 and 300) were treated with commercial amylase and xylanase preparations. Falling number, amylograph and swelling curve measurements were done and results were compared to quality obtained in baking trials. Rye flour with the highest falling number (300) resulted in hard and dry dough as well as dense bread, as expected. Other rye flours (100, 130, 200) and flours treated with amylase resulted also in rather hard and dry doughs, although falling number and amylograph measurements confirmed the enzyme activity. Lower falling number and amylase treatments, however, were associated with improved sensory quality of final products. Xylanase made doughs softer and stickier, which improved both handling properties of dough and quality of bread in the loaf process. In contrast, the increased softness and stickiness made the serving-size flat-bread process more difficult. The viscosity decrease caused by xylanase addition was seen in swelling curve measurements. Adjusting the acidity of buffer solution to the pH level of rye sourdough did not improve the ability of the swelling curve to predict the baking behaviour of the flour. This study showed that falling number and amylograph cannot predict properties of rye dough. Differences between rye flours with different falling numbers were best detected in the sensory quality of the final products. The baking quality of rye flours could be modified by enzyme treatments, especially by xylanase addition, but the usefulness and desirability of the treatment depended on the type of bread-making process. The effects of added xylanase in rye dough could be predicted by swelling curve measurement. The overall results emphasized the importance of baking trials in determining the baking quality of rye flour.

Jodel är en mobilapplikation där användarna kan anonymt skriva uppdateringar. Uppdateringarna syns för alla inom ett 10km område. I den här avhandlingen undersöker jag vad unga vuxna i närheten av campus med svensk undervisning diskuterar på Jodel. För att samla in materialet använder jag mig av netnografi, en för internet anpassad etnografisk metod. Materialet analyserar jag med hjälp av kvantitativ och kvalitativ textanalys. I materialet letar jag efter tecken på bland annat online disinhibition effect och annat innehåll som kan bero på anonymiteten på Jodel. Dessutom undersöker jag språkdebatter som uppstått på Jodel. Resultaten visar att unga finlandssvenska vuxna har ett behov av ett anonymt forum där de får prata sitt modersmål. Tabuer och andra ömtåliga ämnen så som sex och mental ohälsa diskuteras mycket på Jodel vilket tyder på att det här är ämnen som de unga vuxna vill diskutera. Dessutom förekommer det en hel del uppdateringar som handlar om bland annat vardagen, så som personlig ekonomi och utbildning. De populäraste diskussionsämnena är 1) sex och förhållanden 2) vardag och 3) alkohol. Avhandlingen visar att Jodel används främst för 1) underhållning, tidsfördriv, umgänge 2) att få information eller råd 3) att ta del av tabuämnen 4) at avända sitt modersmål. Fallstudien där jag undersökte hur finsk- och svenskspråkiga kommer överens på Jodel visar att våren och hösten 2016 var väldigt inflammerad: medlemmarna med olika modersmål kom inte överens och försökte sabotera för varandra. De olika språkgrupperna hade olika mål för Jodel och tycktes inte heller förstå varandras motiv för att det även kunde diskuteras på Jodel på finska. Den här avhandlingen är den första av sitt slag och banar väg för akademiska undersökningar av mer anonyma sociala medier där identitetsbyggande inte är det huvudsakliga målet.

Tutkielmassa tarkastelen Istanbulin ja Ankaran kaupungeissa vaikuttavien keskiluokkaisten ympäristötoimijoiden asemaa Turkin ympäristöpolitiikassa. Tutkin tapoja, joilla nämä ympäristötoimijat ovat voineet vaikuttaa ympäristöpolitiikkaan vuoden 2013 Gezi-protestien jälkeen, aikana, jolloin autoritäärisyys ja neoliberalistinen kehityskeskeisyys, ns. neoliberalistinen developmentalismi, määrittävät pitkälti Turkin politiikkaa. Tutkimukseni kontribuoi ajankohtaiseen ja tärkeään keskusteluun kansalaisyhteiskunnan ja ympäristötoimijoiden nykyisistä ja tulevista rooleista ja toimintamahdollisuuksista, niin Turkissa kuin muissakin epädemokraattisissa maissa. Tutkimuskysymyksiäni ovat 1) Miten neoliberalistinen ja kehityskeskeinen poliittinen päätöksenteko sekä autoritäärisyys ovat vaikuttaneet ympäristöpolitiikkaan Turkissa?; 2) Miten kaupungeissa työskentelevät ympäristötoimijat ovat pystyneet toimimaan Turkin autoritäärisen hallituksen harjoittaman neoliberalistisen ja kehityskeskeisen poliittisen ja taloudellisen agendan kontekstissa vuosien 2013-2018 aikana? Tutkin kriittisen teorian keinoin sitä, miten Turkissa vallitsevat neoliberalistiset kehityskeskeiset ja autoritääriset sosiaaliset, poliittiset ja taloudelliset rakenteet vaikuttavat ympäristötoimijoiden mahdollisuuksiin toimia ympäristön hyväksi. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa, että hegemonisesta vallankäytöstä huolimatta nämä toimijat ovat vaikuttaneet ympäristöpolitiikkaan luovimalla ennalta-arvaamattomissa ja uhkaavissa valtion ja yhteiskunnan välisissä olosuhteissa. Toimijat pyrkivät luomaan tilaa ympäristötoiminnalle ja hegemoniaa haastavalle keskustelulle sekä pitämään kansalaisyhteiskuntaa elossa kontekstissa, jossa suurin osa kansalaisjärjestöistä on lopetettu tai peloteltu hiljaiseksi. Tutkielman teoreettisena päämääränä on ollut pohtia, miten kriittinen teoria osoittaa ja selittää sitä, miten Turkin hallitus on onnistunut rakentamaan hegemoniaansa ja miten kansalaisyhteiskunta on vastannut siihen. Tutkimusaineistoni koostuu 14 teemahaastattelusta sekä tuoreesta aihetta käsittelevästä kirjallisuudesta. Tutkimustani varten haastattelin kaupungeissa toimivia keskiluokkaisia järjestöjen ja yhdistysten työntekijöitä, aktivisteja, vapaaehtoisia, dokumentaristeja sekä luennoitsijoita. Käytän kriittistä teoriaa analyyttisenä metodologisena pohdiskelun välineenä urbaanin Turkin ympäristötoimijoiden ja niiden olosuhteiden tutkimiseen, joiden puitteissa ympäristötoimijat suojelevat ja tutkivat luontoa, protestoiva ja informoivat yhteiskuntaa ympäristöasioista. Tutkimustulokseni osoittavat, että Turkin autoritäärisesti toimivan poliittisen ja taloudellisen eliitin harjoittaman politiikan neoliberalistinen ja kehityskeskeinen luonne 1) vahingoittaa luonnonympäristöjä huomattavasti, vaikeuttaa ihmisten elinoloja ja harjoittaa ympäristöpolitiikkaa tukeakseen omia intressejään 2) rajaa ympäristöjärjestöjen ja aktivistiryhmien mahdollisuuksia osallistua ympäristöä koskevaan poliittiseen päätöksentekoon sekä ympäristönsuojeluun ja ilmastonmuutoksen torjuntaan. Vaikka yllämainitut olosuhteet vähentävät kansalaisyhteiskunnan toimijoiden mahdollisuuksia vaikuttaa ympäristön tilaan mielivaltaisten lakien ja toimenpiteiden, rahoituksen ja yhteistyön puutteen sekä itsesensuurin takia, moni heistä on löytänyt tapoja toimia näissä vaikuttamisen, aktivismin ja suojelun kapenevissa tiloissa. Voidaankin päätellä, ettei vuoden 2013 Gezi-protestien jälkeinen Turkin konteksti eivätkä muutkaan samankaltaiset olosuhteet välttämättä estä ympäristötoimijoita jatkamasta vaikuttavien tapojen etsimistä ja vaikuttamista kehityspoliittiseen päätöksentekoon. Kriittisen teorian menetelmät auttavat haastamaan vallitsevan tilan ja huomamaan uusia mahdollisuuksia ympäristötoimijoille tässä autoritäärisessä kontekstissa.

The study is sought to study how and if the environment has changed in eastern Finnish Lapland in a long-term perspective. Variables related to the current state of the environment, are atmospheric composition and aerosols, meteorology, and biology. The study is based on measurements from Värriö Subarctic Research station for the years 1973 to 2021. Included in atmospheric composition, are the atmospheric anthropogenic gas concentrations of CO, NOx, O3 and SO2. SO2 is also used in a proxy to estimate H2SO4 concentrations. Decreasing long-term trends are found for CO, NOx, SO2 and H2SO4. The decreasing emissions from Kola peninsula, is the cause for long-term decrease of SO2, which result in decreasing H2SO4 concentrations. Results of particle size distribution show an increasing concentration of small particles and decrease of large particles. Decline of particles leads to less NPF, CCN and will resultingly influence cloud properties. Air temperature has increased 2.38 °C and snow cover days have decreased by three weeks, between 1975 and 2021. Snow depth and precipitation show less significant changes. Heat sum have from 1981 to 2021 increased with 247 °C days, indicating more active and growing trees. Birch leave development show indications of leave burst and developed leaves to occur at earlier date, over the years 1981-2021. Grouses, shorebirds, and cavity-nesters show large inter-annual variations. Some of the bird species appears to benefit from environmental changes while others appear to have difficulty adapting.

The Arctic region is experiencing significant environmental, social and geopolitical changes as climate change impacts the region and thaws the Arctic sea-ice. The notable amount of emerging hydrocarbon and other resources as well as new navigation routes have attracted a lot of interest by a variety of Arctic and non-Arctic actors. The European Union (EU) has been one of these actors. The Arctic affairs have gained increasing attention within its institutions since the launching of the EU s Arctic policy in 2008. The purpose of this study is to find out how the Arctic is perceived in the eyes of the EU as well as how and to what extent the environmental dimension emerge in relation to other topics. A secondary purpose is to examine how these perceptions have changed since 2008. A comprehensive material is used, covering all relevant EU documents. The material is analyzed using a three-staged coding method within Grounded theory. The EU documents discuss several important topics relating to the Arctic region. This study identifies six categories of these topics. These relate to the changes that the Arctic region is facing, the emerging resources, the geopolitical situation and the governance of the region, the EU s role in the Arctic as well as the protection of the Arctic environment. The qualitative approach is mixed with quantitative aspect to find out how much attention each of these concepts get in the documents and how significant the environmental dimension is compared to the other concepts. The EU is globally recognized as an ambitious environmental actor. This study shows that the environmental aspects are well represented also in the EU s Arctic policy documents. The focus of the documents has changed over the years from Arctic resources and a range of problems towards the importance of cooperation and environmental protection in the region. Environmental protection has been motivated by the responsibilities that the EU feels towards the region. However, a goal has simultaneously been to be acknowledged as a legitimate Arctic actor, which would highly benefit the EU in a number of ways. There is nonetheless reason to presume that the EU is serious in pursuing protection of the Arctic environment and this cannot be seen merely as a means to achieve other ends.

Neurotrophin, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its cognate receptor Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), have been concomitantly linked with neuronal plasticity as well as antidepressant mechanism of action. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis involves proliferation and survival of new-born neurons and has been related to antidepressant mechanisms and cognitive improvement. Environmental enrichment (EE) enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and induces anxiolytic-like effects. This study postulates that EE-living conditions could restore the abnormal serotonergic modulation on AHN of our transgenic mice. In this study, a transgenic mouse line wherein TrkB receptor is compromised from serotonergic neurons and AHN found to be impaired was used. To assess the behavioural effects and the changes in learning and memory tasks produced by 10-weeks of EE, a behavioural battery test was performed. Our results suggested anxiolytic-like effects from EE in the transgenic mice. Likewise, cognitive improvements were also observed in both control and transgenic mice promoted by EE. Moreover, hyperactivity observed in transgenic mice in standard conditions could be rescued, and no phenotypical differences were observed between control and transgenic mice subjected to EE. To further study the effects of EE on AHN, cellular proliferation and survival were studied through the incorporation of BrdU. The results indicate that the abnormal serotonergic regulation of AHN was rescued upon EE-living conditions. Moreover, molecular methods used to measure the alteration of gene expression revealed significant upregulation of genes related to neuronal plasticity and epigenetic modifications. Altogether, these results suggest EE promotes the neuronal plasticity, rescues the impaired regulation of AHN and modulates the genetic expression of the transgenic mice. Findings from this study could provide new insights regarding novel targets that could modulate adult brain plasticity.

This study was carried out to evaluate environmental impacts of greenhouse tomato production in Finland. Due to the Nordic location of the country, weather conditions do not favor it and production is very energy intensive. Emissions per 1000 kg per produced tomato was selected as functional unit. Two different production methods were selected for the study. 1. Conventional production, what is based on utilization of natural light and for production break during a coldest and darkest part of a year (November-February). 2. Year-round production, which is based on an use of artificial lightning. For information of inputs and outputs, the entrepreneurs of six different greenhouse companies, which produced only tomatoes, were interviewed. Three of them were year-round producers and three of them conventional producers. Average yields were 59,0 and 28,2 kg/m2/y respectively. All the selected three conventional producers used bio-energy for heat production. Data from interviewed companies included emissions of all the inputs, e.g. use of fuels, electricity, fertilizers, transportation and packaging material. Data from Statistical Centre of Finland (TIKE) were also used. Processed data included 16 yearround producers and 165 conventional producers, which produced only tomatoes. Average yields were 52,5 and 33,1 kg/m2/y respectively. Data included only fuel and electricity use. However, a proportion of emissions of fuel and electricity use of total emissions was more than 99 % (Interviewed conventional producers). Impacts of Finnish greenhouse tomato production on Climate change, Tropospheric ozone, Eutrophication and Acidification were calculated. Due to the very intensive energy use, based mainly on burning fossil fuels like heavy fuel oil (66%) significant CO2-emissions are caused. CO2- equivalent emissions from interviewed year-round and conventional companies and from Yearround and conventional TIKE companies were 5115, 512, 6514, and 4614 kg CO2-eq per 1000 kg of tomato respectively. There were low emissions (512 kg CO2-eq per 1000 kg of tomato) from interviewed conventional companies. The low figure is due to the use of bio-energy to provide needed heat for production. Therefore use of bio-energy is a possibility to reduce significantly emissions of Finnish greenhouse tomato production.