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  • Kauppinen, Vera (2018)
    2000-luvun alussa tapahtuneiden suurten tulvien jälkeen Euroopan Unionissa on tapahtunut paradigmanmuutos, jossa teknisiin ratkaisuihin keskittyvästä tulvasuojelusta on siirrytty kohti kokonaisvaltaisempaa tulvariskien hallintaa. Myös Suomessa on ollut suuria tulvia 2000-luvulla ja tulvariskien arvioinnin ja hallinnan direktiivin puitteissa on nimetty 21 merkittävää tulvariskialuetta. Samaan aikaan resilienssi on omaksuttu katastrofiriskien hallinnan yhdeksi tavoitteeksi. Resilienssi on systeemin kykyä vastata muutokseen tai häiriöön. Tämän pro gradu-tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää yhteisön resilienssin kehittymistä sekä keskeisiä resursseja ja toimijoita Kittilän tulvariskien hallinnassa. Tutkimuksen viitekehyksenä toimii yhteisön resilienssi, joka tarjoaa mahdollisuuden kiinnittää tarkempaa huomiota luonnonkatastrofien ja niiden hallinnan sosiaaliseen ulottuvuuteen. Tässä tutkimuksessa yhteisön resilienssi on määritelty yhteisön selvitymis-, sopeutumis- ja transformaatiokykynä häiriöiden kontekstissa. Tutkimuksen analyyttinen viitekehys jakaa yhteisön resilienssin kolmeen osa-alueeseen, jotka ovat resurssit ja kyvyt, toiminta sekä oppiminen. Osa-alueet ovat vuorovaikutuksessa toisiinsa ja niihin vaikuttavat myös yhteisön ulkopuoliset rakenteet, kuten katastrofiriskien hallinta sekä sosio-poliittinen, taloudellinen ja ympäristöllinen konteksti sekä niiden muutokset ja häiriöt. Vastauksia tutkimuksen kysymyksiin selvitettiin tapaustutkimuksen avulla. Tutkimuksen tapauksena on Kittilän vuoden 2005 tulva. Tutkimuksen aineistona ovat paikallisten ja alueellisten toimijoiden teemahaastattelut sekä tulvariskien hallintaa koskevat asiakirjat. Aineisto analysoitiin laadullisen sisällönanalyysin avulla käyttäen apuna Atlas.ti-analyysiohjelmaa. Yhteisö tulvariskien hallinnassa käsittää sekä institutionaaliset, järjestäytyneet että epäviralliset toimijat. Tulvariskien hallinta Suomessa on vahvasti institutionalisoitu ja vastuu viranomaisilla, mutta Kittilän tapauksessa asukkaiden ja heidän sosiaalisten verkostojensa toiminta oli tärkeässä osassa tulvasta selviytymisessä. Yhteisön resilienssin kannalta merkittävin resursseista oli yhteisön sosiaalinen pääoma, sillä sen avulla yhteisö pääsi käsiksi myös muihin resursseihin. Toimijoiden sosiaaliset verkostot olivat linkittyneet toisiinsa ja ulottuivat useammalle maantieteelliselle tasolle. Tulvan jälkeen toiminta oli kehittynyt järjestelmällisemmäksi ja ennakoivaksi. Vuoden 2005 tulvan jälkeen erityisesti varautuminen tulviin, instituutionaalisten toimijoiden organisaatiorakenteet ja yhteistyö, materiaaliset resurssit, tekniset ratkaisut sekä riskitietoisuus kehittyivät parempaan suuntaan. Vuoden 2005 tulvan jälkeen tapahtui pääasiassa yksikehäistä oppimista, jossa toimintaa muutettiin tulvakokemuksen perusteella. Kaksikehäistä oppimista ja kriittistä tarkastelua oli myös jonkun verran, mutta monikehäinen oppiminen ja yhteisön resilienssin transformatiivinen ulottuvuus puuttuivat kokonaan. Tulvariskien hallinta perustui vuoden 2005 tulvan jälkeen kunnan hallinnossa hyväksytyille tulvapenkereiden rakentamiselle, jotka olivat viivästyneet huomattavasti ja edelleen rakentamatta. Yhteisön resilienssiä tulville tulisi pystyä kehittämään, myös sellaisilla riskialttiilla alueilla, joilla ei ole viimeaikaisia tulvakokemuksia. Samalla yhteisöjen tulisi olla resilienttejä kaikenlaisille muutoksille, myös vaikeammin havaittaville ja hitaille sosio-ekologisille muutoksille, kuten ilmastonmuutokselle tai huoltosuhteen heikkenemiselle. Yksi ratkaisu voisi olla transformaatio, joka mahdollistaa ulkoisista häiriöistä selviytymisen lisäksi sosiaalisen systeemin siirtymisen kohti ekologisesti kestävämpää ja sosiaalisesti oikeudenmukaista tilaa. On myös muistettava, että yhteisön resilienssi on sidoksissa kontekstiin eli siihen vaikuttaviin ulkopuolisiin prosesseihin ja rakenteisiin. Tiedon yhteistuotannon ja tutkimushankkeiden yhteissuunnittelun avulla voitaisiin saada tietoa yhteisön resilienssistä, joka on sosiaalisesti kestävää, paikalliseen kontekstiin sopivaa ja jota voidaan suoraan hyödyntää yhteisön toiminnassa. Osallistavat tutkimusprosessit voivat myös vähentää konflikteja esimerkiksi tulvariskien hallinnan keinoista sekä lisätä riskitietoisuutta niillä alueilla, joilla ei ole aiempia katastrofi- tai häiriökokemuksia. Tutkimuksen aikana tuli esille myös jatkotutkimustarpeita. Yhteisön resilienssiä tulisi edelleen tutkia laajemmin sekä Kittilässä että muilla tulvariskialueilla esimerkiksi määrällisten tutkimusmenetelmien avulla tai suuremmalla aineistolla. Sosiaalisia resursseja on korostettu yhteisön resilienssille luonnonkatastrofeissa ja tässäkin tutkimuksessa ne tulivat monin tavoin esille. Tämän takia olisi mielenkiintoista tutkia myös sosiaalisten resurssien kehittymistä ja tarkempaa suhdetta luonnonkatastrofeihin. Esimerkiksi pitkittäistutkimukset riskialueilla voisivat tuoda lisää tietoa sosiaalisista resursseista ennen ja jälkeen luonnonkatastrofin
  • Sandholm, Laura (2018)
    Peatlands are globally important ecosystems as they have been estimated contain about 40 % of the global soil carbon pool. Therefore, in light of the projected increase in temperatures and possible increase in fire frequencies, it is of great importance to understand how peatlands are expected to develop under changing climate conditions. Currently it is estimated that of western continental Canadas 365 000 km2 peatlands, around 28 % are underlain by permafrost which however store about 38 % of the soil carbon in the area. Climate change is expected to affect these peatlands very quickly, because they are situated at the dry limit of peatland distribution. Peatlands develop in areas where production of new organic material exceeds the decomposition rate, whereby dead plant material will start to accumulate as peat, and thus, atmospheric carbon that has been seized in the plant material will become stored. Peat is stored in the peatland in the order that it accumulates, with the oldest material at the bottom end newest at the top, thereby making it possible to infer the succession of the stored vegetation. Permafrost may aggregate in peatlands due to cold climates and the insulating effect of peat moss. Fires usually cause severe combustion of peat plateaus, because they exhibit a dry and aerated surface and high tree vegetation cover. As fires remove peat through combustion, permafrost may collapse. As the permafrost within the peat plateau collapses it causes the peatland surface to subside, producing collapse areas which exhibit different hydrological conditions from the surrounding plateau. Due to a lack in knowledge about how peat plateaus have developed and reacted under different fire regimes, throughout their developmental history, it is difficult to say how they will react to future changes. Also very little is known about the actual mechanism behind initial peat plateau development or about what factors are important in determining whether permafrost will re-aggregate after collapse. With my thesis I will add to the knowledge about the initiation and developmental history of permafrost containing peatlands within the zone of discontinuous permafrost in continental northwestern Canada. I investigate the initiation patterns and effects of fires on peatland development by examining peat cores from three different peatlands in British Columbia, Canada. Each core is analysed for changes in peat main components and plant species composition throughout the peatland developmental history. As different species have different ecological range for example in regards to moisture and nutrient conditions, one can infer these based on the plant species community. In order to see when the peatlands initiated the bottom of the organic material was dated through radiocarbon dating. All peatlands initiated through onto ground formerly occupied by upland forest vegetation, which however also caused the dated samples from the bottom of the cores not to be very informative in regards to the actual peatland initiation time. The northernmost site, with the thickest peat, shows clear signs of being a permafrost affected peatland, starting from the initial peat accumulation to present day. The two other sites are more diverse in their development as they show signs of both permafrost peatlands and of sites that have undergone permafrost collapse. The peat on the permafrost affected peatlands has accumulated very slowly. Current peat accumulation rates, counted based on tree ring data and correlated to charred layers in the peat, show that the peatland areas that have collapsed, actually accumulate peat more quickly than the peat plateau with permafrost. This may indicate that as long as peatlands are still able to endure under warmer climates, it may be that they will actually accumulate more carbon due to higher production under non-permafrost conditions.
  • Pikkarainen, Kaisa (2018)
    One open question related to microplastics found in seas is the sources and routes of microplastics into seas. In Helsinki about one third of the snow collected from urban areas is dumped directly into the Baltic sea. When snow is collected from an urban area also the possible waste in the snow becomes collected. This is the first study that examines the numerical quantity and the characteristics of waste in urban snow. In order to study waste contained in snow, samples were collected from three different urban areas in Helsinki in February 2016. Snow was collected from Hakaniemen tori, Kullervonkatu in Käpylä and Sörnäisten rantatie. Solid matter in snow samples was divided into particles sized over 4 mm and 0.3–4 mm. Waste particles were visually identified utilizing the morphology of the particles. Material of selected waste particles was analysed using a FTIR spectrometer. Snow samples collected from Käpylä contained more waste by weight and number than samples collected from other areas. Reasons for differences between sampling areas did not become clear in this study. The most common waste in urban snow were particles disengaged from asphalt pavement and road markings, along with paper, plastic and rubber waste. All snow samples contained microplastics. Urban snow contained more microplastics than purified wastewater leaving from Viikinmäki wastewater treatment plant and seawater in the Gulf of Finland. Stormwaters have been identified as a route for microplastics from urban areas into inland waters and seas, and according to this study also dumping of urban snow into seas acts as a route for microplastics. In urban snow road marking and plastic particles were the most common microplastics. In snow samples collected from road areas road marking particles were clearly the most common microplastic by number. In snow collected from Hakaniemen tori about half of the microplastics were plastic particles and almost a half road marking particles. Most of the microplastics in snow were different kinds of fragments. Like in earlier microplastics studies also in urban snow the most common materials of small plastic particles were polyethylene and polypropylene. In this study sources of the waste in snow are estimated to be the abrasion of asphalt pavement, road markings, tyres, plastic products and possibly also wood and metal products and different kinds of textiles. In addition to that numerous waste items had ended up in urban areas through littering or inadequate waste disposal. Littering is the most significant environmental impact of dumping urban snow into the sea in Helsinki. Marine Strategy Framework Directive states that properties and quantities of marine litter are not to cause harm to the coastal and marine environment. According to the guidelines of the City of Helsinki, snow that is brought to snow collection sites needs to be clean and not to contain waste. Nevertheless, according to this study through dumping snow into the sea in Hernesaaren ranta several thousand kilograms of waste and approximately over fifty million microplastic particles end up in the Baltic Sea. A monitoring program should be established to investigate and monitor the amount and the characteristics of waste in urban snow in Helsinki.
  • Miettinen, Elmo (2019)
    Suomen sorsakannat ovat taantuneet viimeisen parin vuosikymmenen aikana ja suurin osa sorsalajeistamme on jo luokiteltu uhanalaisiksi. Erityisesti rehevien vesien populaatiot ovat taantuneet, minkä on epäilty johtuvan muutoksista lisääntymiselinympäristöissä. Syiksi on ehdotettu muun muassa ylirehevöitymistä ja vieraspetojen runsastumista. Sorsakantojen suojelun ja hoidon kannalta on tunnettava eri tekijöiden vaikutukset sorsien lisääntymiseen ja elinympäristövalintaan. Yksi merkittävä tekijä on elinympäristön laatu. Tärkeimmiksi laatutekijöiksi sorsille ovat tutkimuksissa osoittautuneet selkärangattoman ravinnon määrä sekä kosteikon rakenteelliset ominaisuudet. Laadukkaassa ympäristössä poikaset kasvavat ja selviytyvät huonolaatuisia ympäristöjä paremmin. Toisena merkittävänä tekijänä sorsille ovat pedot, jotka ryöstävät sorsien pesiä. Pesäpredaation riskiin voivat vaikuttaa pesintäalueen ympäristön rakenne ja petoyhteisö sekä pesän sijoituspaikka. Luontaisten petojen lisäksi sorsien pesiä voivat ryövätä myös vieraslajit, kuten supikoira (Nyctereutes procyonoides) ja minkki (Neovison vison). Jos poikueille laadukkaat ja pesille turvalliset ympäristöt eivät kohtaa, sorsaemot joutuvat trade-off -tilanteeseen, jossa toista lisääntymisen vaihetta suositaan toisen kustannuksella. Tarkoituksenani oli selvittää 1) vaikuttavatko alue ja kosteikon ominaisuudet sorsien esiintymiseen, 2) onko alueella ja pesäpaikalla vaikutusta pesän selviytymiseen ja 3) onko vieraspedoilla merkitystä sorsien pesäpredaation määrään. Näihin kysymyksiin hain vastauksia sorsalaskentojen, vesiselkärangatonpyyntien ja pesäpredaatiokokeen avulla. Pesäpredaatiokokeessa tutkimuskosteikoille tehtiin keinotekoisia koepesiä käyttäen tarhattujen sinisorsien (Anas platyrhynchos) munia. Koepesiä seurattiin riistakameroilla, joiden avulla pystyttiin määrittämään pesällä vierailleet lajit ja pesän ryöstön ajankohta. Tutkimukset toteutettiin kahdella tutkimusalueella: maatalousvaltaisella ja vesistöiltään rehevällä Maaningalla sekä metsäisellä ja vesistöiltään karulla Evolla. Maaningalla sorsatiheys oli suurempi kuin Evolla. Vesiselkärangattomien määrä ja rantaviivan pituus vaikuttivat positiivisesti sorsaparien määrään kosteikoilla. Tulvaisuudella oli negatiivinen vaikutus parimääriin. Poikueiden osalta vastaavia tuloksia ei saatu. Tuloksiin saattoi vaikuttaa huonon pesimävuoden vuoksi liian vähäiseksi jäänyt poikuehavaintojen määrä. Vaikka Maaningan sorsatiheydet olivat suurempia, Evolla suurempi osuus pareista tuotti poikueen. Pesäpaikkakohtaisia eroja pesäpredaatioriskissä ei tässä tutkimuksessa saatu esiin, mutta pesien riski tulla ryöstetyksi pieneni pesän alttiinaoloajan myötä. Pesäpredaatioriski oli suurempi Maaningalla kuin Evolla. Harakka (Pica pica) oli yleisin pesiä ryöstänyt laji ja juuri varislintujen määrä vaikuttaa selittävän Maaningan suurempaa pesäpredaation määrää. Supikoira oli toiseksi yleisin pesärosvo, minkä vuoksi vieraspetojen osuus pesäpredaatiosta oli merkitsevä, vaikka minkki ryösti vain yhden pesän. Tämä tutkimus antaa viitteitä siitä, että sorsat joutuvat trade-off -tilanteeseen aluetasolla. Rehevien kosteikkojen Maaningalla on enemmän vesiselkärangatonravintoa ja tiheämpi sorsakanta, mutta myös suurempi pesäpredaatioriski. Sorsien voi siis päätellä suosivan poikasille suotuisaa aluetta pesien selviytymistodennäköisyyden kustannuksella. Vähäisempi pesäpredaatiopaine voi selittää miksi karujen kosteikkojen Evolla parikohtainen poikuetuotto oli parempi. Tämä taas voi osaltaan selittää sitä, miksi karujen vesien sorsapopulaatiot eivät ole taantuneet rehevien vesien populaatioiden lailla. Menetelmällisesti tämä tutkimus korostaa riistakameran hyödyllisyyttä tutkimuksessa. Riistakameroiden ansiosta tutkimus muun muassa vahvistaa supikoiran kiisteltyä merkitystä pesärosvona. Tulevaisuudessa vieraslajien torjunnan ja uhattujen kosteikkoelinympäristöjen turvaamisen lisäksi tarvitsemme lisää tutkimustietoa muun muassa erilaisten kosteikoiden merkityksestä väheneville sorsapopulaatioille.
  • Rikberg, Jon (2018)
    The Red List Index (RLI) has widely been recognized as a useful tool in keeping track of extinction risk trends of large taxa. The RLI is an index based on IUCN’s threat categories. Functional diversity (FD) is a way of measuring biodiversity that describes species´ traits that are linked to species´ ecological roles. In this work I have mapped the spatial distribution of the RLI and functional diversity for Finnish vascular plants. I first produced species distribution models (SDMs) for all 1194 species of vascular plants in the Finnish Red List 2010 based on records from the Kastikka and Hertta databases and environmental data. A functional tree incorporating 971 of those species was calculated using seven functional traits. The traits that I used were life form, maximum plant height, seed mass, seedbank longevity, life span, specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). The trait data was gained from the databases Leda and TRY. Based on the SDMs, the functional tree, and the Finnish Red List, taxonomic and functional diversity and RLI were mapped for the whole of Finland using 10 x 10 km cells. This was the first time FD and RLI were mapped for vascular plant species across Finland. Null models were used to compare observed values with the ones expected if species (and consequently traits) distributions were random accross the country. Taxonomic diversity (TD) was higher than expected in southern Finland and lowest in northern Finland, suggesting a strong latitudinal gradient. TD correlated with the same environmental variables as FD. Thus, it is likely that both TD and FD are dirven by the same environmental variables. FD was higher than expected in southern and western Finland and lower in the northern and eastern parts of the country. A strong environmental filtering in the north might cause low FD by limiting species´ distributions within many clades and favouring species with similar traits that allow them to survive in extreme conditions. In southern Finland, competitive exclusion might limit the co-existence of species with similar traits, thus increasing trait divergence. The RLI values were lowest in the Åland islands, along the southern coast, in a few sites in eastern Finland (e.g. Koli and Kuusamo areas), around Kemi and the Gulf of Bothnia and in Kilpisjärvi. Thus, these sites have high concentrations of threatened species. The low RLI sites correspond well with areas with either limestone or dolomite deposits, which explains why many of these areas are floristically unique and present high concentrations of threatened species. In addition, many of the sites with low RLI are geographical extreme areas in Finland, corresponding to the distribution limits of many species. The RLI was high in Ostrobothnia and in large parts of Lapland. In Ostrobothnia, centuries of forest management and a homogenous bedrock and topography have resulted in a vascular plant community based mostly on common species. It is possible, that regional extinctions have happened in Ostrobothnia already before red listing measures began, thus explaining the high RLI values today. On sites with more variety among habitats and bedrock, the RLI values were significantly lower than in the rest of Lapland, suggesting that the high RLI values for parts of Lapland are due to homogeneous plant communities in the northern boreal forests that host only few threatened species. The spatial distribution of the RLI and functional diversity for vascular plants in Finland were mapped for the first time. A strong latitudinal gradient was found for TD and FD. Low RLI values were found on calcareous soils and on geographic extremes in Finland. To track possible changes in the RLI it would be crucial to remap the RLI in 2019 when the next Finnish Red List is published. A comparision between this work and the remapping based on the 2019 assessment would track changes in the extinction risk across Finland. The current limitation with RLI is that it only considers taxonomic diversity. However, in future work it is possible to incorporate the functional tree used in this thesis into RLI to calculate a functionally weighted RLI.
  • Kaipainen, Suvi (2018)
    In this study 39 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 isolates from Finnish pigs and pork were sequenced by whole-genome sequencing. Also, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of the strains was examined. The strains originated from the culture collection of Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira) and they were isolated between the years of 2008 and 2017. MRSA strains were isolated from both asymptomatic and infected pigs and pork. The strains represented the four most common spa types in Finnish pigs (t034, t2741, t011 and t108). DNA extraction method for S. aureus was optimized by comparing automatic DNA extraction robot and manual DNA extraction method. Extracted DNA samples were sent to Germany to be sequenced with Illumina sequencing. Paired-end raw read sequences were assembled using three different algorithms: Spades, Idba and Velvet. The assembled sequences were analysed by bioinformatics tools. Possible antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence genes, plasmids and SCCmec cassettes were identified. The strains were also typed by spa typing and sequence typing. spa typing was already performed in Evira using PCR and the new spa typing results were compared to the PCR results. Using the assembled sequences, a phylogenetic tree was also constructed. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using broth microdilution panel. The manual extraction method was slightly better since the extracted DNA was purer. The best assembly algorithm was Spades and because of that all sequences were assembled with that algorithm for further analyses. The strains carried only a few virulence genes and many genes that are important for human infection were missing. All the strains carried the same SCCmec cassette type and sequence type ST398 both of which are known to be typical for pig related MRSA. Illumina sequencing and spa typing were not working perfectly since the used program was not able to distinguish spa types t034 and t011 from each other. The problem was probably due to very similar short tandem repeats that these two spa types share. Also, Illumina sequencing is known to produce short reads that could be problematic for sequence assembly. All the strains were resistant to beta-lactams and tetracycline which is typical for MRSA CC398 strains. Many strains were also resistant to clindamycin and trimethoprim. Antimicrobial resistance seemed to be carried by plasmids in some cases because the strains carried several plasmids that are known to contain antimicrobial resistance genes. The antimicrobial resistance profiles were different between different spa types since some spa types were more resistant to certain antimicrobials than others. According to the phylogenetic tree, the strains seemed to be a very heterogenic group. The strains that belonged in the same spa type were most related to each other as expected. There were no differences between strains originating from pigs and strains originating from pork which strongly indicates that bacteria could have spread from pigs to pork. Asymptomatic pigs also carried similar strains as infected pigs. The strains that were causing infections in pigs did not contain any more virulence factors compared to the other strains. The study gave plenty of new information concerning MRSA CC398 in Finnish pigs and pork. The antimicrobial resistance and virulence patterns in addition to other qualities of the strains were very similar that was described in the literature before. The strains seemed not to be very virulent for humans, but the situation must be observed in case of increasing resistance and virulence. The best way to prevent spreading of MRSA is to decrease the amount of MRSA in pig farms since MRSA bacteria are most likely to spread from pigs to the environment and to the people who work in pig farms and from there to the rest of the population.
  • Kinnunen, Oona (2018)
    The insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of growth and development, metabolism, lifespan, reproduction and stress response of an organism. As the pathway is evolutionarily conserved, Drosophila melanogaster serves as a powerful model for characterizing the underlying molecular mechanisms and genetic components, which may further appear as potential therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders. Drosophila has eight genes encoding insulin-like peptides (DILPs), which display stage- and tissue-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, the expression of DILPs is regulated by nutritional status. To date, only few transcription factors have been shown to regulate the expression of the dilp genes: for instance Dachshund and Eyeless are known transcriptional activators of dilp5 and dFOXO is a known transcriptional activator of dilp6. Since transcription factors directly regulating the expression of dilps are not yet well known, there is a need to study them further. The aim of this master’s thesis was to screen for novel transcriptional regulators of the dilp genes and study their phenotypic effects in vivo. For this purpose Drosophila S2 cells were transfected with vectors containing the promoter regions of all the dilp genes and with a library of 822 transcription factors. Promoter activity of the dilp genes was further measured by using the Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System. Some of the revealed potential regulators were further studied in vivo to confirm their regulatory functions by using RNA interference to silence these factors or overexpressing them and by performing quantitative real-time PCR to measure dilp expression levels. Subsequently, organismal growth and development were assessed and effects on larval metabolic profiles were monitored. The screen revealed a few potential transcriptional regulators, among which Spalt-related (Salr) was selected for further study. It was shown to act as an activator of dilp6 expression. dilp6 is an interesting target among the dilp network due to its central role as a communicator between two of the important organs involved in insulin signaling: the brain and the fat body. Subsequently, both Salr and DILP6 were shown to have a role in controlling growth and development of larvae. Based on the experiments in this thesis Spalt-related seems to have a broader role as a metabolic regulator, which is not limited to its function as a regulator of dilp6. Thus, it might act as an important link between the insulin signaling pathway and other pathways regulating growth and metabolism in Drosophila.
  • Lukkarinen, Iiris (2018)
    The aim of this study was to provide information about using citizen science in biology education. Citizen science is a form of scientific research, where public can participate in data collection or other phases of research. It is important to study educational use of citizen science, because citizen science has a lot of potential to increase students´ interest towards biology and knowledge about scientific research. In addition, citizen science could provide meaningful ways to use information and communication technology (ICT) in education. Using ICT, such as computers and smartphones, has become very common way to collect data in citizen science projects. This is a case study about using citizen science project called Matoseuranta, as part of biology education. Research questions were: (1.) How the teachers that participated in Matoseuranta experience the educational use of citizen science? (1.1) What benefits and challenges there is in the educational use of citizen science, according to the teachers? (2.) How well data collecting with mobile application is suited in citizen science project that is used in education? (2.1) What challenges and benefits there were related to collecting data with Matoseuranta-application according to the teachers? (2.2) How the teachers evaluate their skills and knowledge executing fieldwork that includes ICT? Survey was used to collect data from teachers that participated in Matoseuranta. 49 teachers answered to the survey (n=49). Open-end questions were used to collect qualitative data about teachers´ experiences about educational use of citizen science (1.1) and mobile app (2.1). This qualitative data was then categorised using qualitative content analysis. Likert-scaled questionnaire based on TPACK (=technological pedagogical content knowledge), was used to collect quantitative data about teachers´ self-efficacy related to executing fieldwork that includes using ICT (2.2). According to teachers, the most important benefit of educational use of citizen science was the autenthic research context, which increased student motivation. In addition, teachers mentioned that Matoseuranta increased students´ knowledge about scientific research. The unreliability of collected data was the most often mentioned challenge. Teachers felt that collected data was not reliable because students had no prior experience in executing scientific research. The mobile app was suited well in data collecting, because it provided an easy way to send data to researchers. In addition, few teachers mentioned that the app motivated students. Unfortunately, the app had many technical issues, which was the most often mentioned challenge about using the app. Most of the teachers felt that they master the use of technology and the skills needed in executing fieldwork. However, only few teachers felt that they have sufficient skills to execute fieldwork that icludes using ICT in a meaningful way. Based on the results of this study, it would be important to offer more citizen science projects that are suited in educational use to teachers. It would be beneficial to study what types of projects (theme, execution, ICT) teachers would want to use in their teaching. Results confirm prior assumption, that the task value is a very important factor influencing student motivation. It is important to make sure that students feel their work in school is meaningful. This study also suggest, that there is a need to provide training and materials about how ICT can be used in biology fieldwork.
  • Tarkiainen, Susanna (2018)
    The motivation of this study was to find new treatment options for the rare cancer pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). PMP is a slowly progressing mucinous adenocarcinoma that originates from the appendix and disseminates into the peritoneum where the cancer cells secrete large amounts of MUC2, the main component of intestinal mucus, into the peritoneum. The disulfide isomerase AGR2 helps MUC2 with forming the correct intramolecular disulfide bonds prior secretion, and is essential to MUC2 protein production. The mucus build-up into the peritoneum causes stress on vital organs, and eventually death. Therefore, inhibiting MUC2 production in PMP cancer cells might slow down the disease progression significantly. MAPK/ERK and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways stimulate MUC2 production, and activating mutations in KRAS and GNAS of these pathways are common in PMP. The aim of this study was to elucidate how MUC2 and AGR2 affect each other’s expression levels, and how the MAPK/ERK pathway and the cAMP/PKA pathway targeting substances caffeine, theophylline, cromolyn, fudosteine, octreotide, and lanreotide, affect MUC2 expression in vitro. This study was conducted on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines LS174T, LoVo, and HT29 that all produce large amounts of MUC2. In addition, LS174T and LoVo cell lines carry activating heterozygous mutations in their KRAS genes. MUC2 and AGR2 expression levels were measured on mRNA level with real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The effects of MUC2 on AGR2 expression, and vice versa, were tested by silencing each at a time with the appropriate siRNA. MUC2 siRNA suppressed both MUC2 and AGR2 mRNA levels down to 50 % in LS174T cells and down to 40 % in LoVo cells in respect to their control groups. AGR2 siRNA suppressed AGR2 mRNA levels down to 50 % in LS174T cells and even down to 30 % in LoVo cells in respect to their control groups, while there were no statistically significant changes in MUC2 mRNA levels. Caffeine and theophylline inhibit phosphodiesterase of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, and in consequence, the hydrolysis of the secondary messenger cAMP, prolonging the activation of the pathway. Caffeine stimulated MUC2 production in LS174T and LoVo cells. In addition, AGR2 mRNA levels increased in LoVo cells, in which the fold change in MUC2 mRNA levels was much greater. Theophylline, a compound found in tea, and used for the treatment of asthma, did not affect MUC2 production. PMP cancer cells express protein S100P. Cromolyn is a pharmaceutical substance used for the treatment of asthma, and it inhibits S100P, and thereby S100P/RAGE signaling -dependent activation of MAPK/ERK pathway. Fudosteine, on the other hand, is a mucoactive pharmaceutical substance that lowers the production of MUC5AC, the main component of lung mucus. Since activating GNAS mutation stimulates the production of both MUC2 and MUC5AC in HT29 cells, the expression of both must be at least partially controlled by same mechanisms. In addition, Somatostatin analogues octreotide and lanreotide inhibit ERK1/2 of the MAPK/ERK pathway, as well as protein kinase A of the cAMP/PKA pathway, and hence cAMP production. However, none of these four tested pharmaceutical substances were able to inhibit MUC2 production in the cell lines used this study in vitro.
  • Rahaman, Atikur (2018)
    Some flavonoids are thought to have antioxidant functions in plants, but this is still controversial because of a lack of in planta evidence. Methyl viologen (MV) sensitivity was assayed in sterile culture by growing seven day old Arabidopsis seedlings on 0.5x MS media supplemented with and without MV. Seedlings grew for 9 days after that, and then were photographed and root growth measured. We used several flavonoid deficient Arabidopsis transparent testa (tt) mutants and found they were hypersensitive to MV that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Flavonoids are transported into different compartments of the cell via a specific flavonoid transport system but no chloroplastic or mitochondrial transporters are currently known. To identify potential chloroplastic and mitochondrial transporters, knockout mutants of candidate MATE and ABC transporters have been screened for MV sensitivity. Flavonoids modulate auxin transport, which raises the possibility of passive effects through auxin during ROS sensitivity. To test whether auxin or the inhibitions of auxin transport have a role in protecting against ROS stress, MV sensitivity was assayed under exogenous treatment of artificial auxin (NAA) and an auxin transport inhibitor (NPA) during MV stress. From this study, we obtained data about the role of flavonoids and auxin in ROS signalling. The inhibition of auxin transport modulated MV sensitivity. We found that NAA had no effect or very modest effect. However, a protective effect of NPA was observed that helps against ROS formation, mimicking the effect of flavonoids. NPA induced more protection. One MATE transporter also gave the mimic of (tt) phenotype, however their role in the movement of flavonoids into or out of the chloroplast or mitochondria remains unclear, as they may be transporting some other protective agent that helps against oxidative stress. However, At1g54350 is a candidate for further testing.
  • Merenheimo, Salla (2018)
    Nuorten kiinnostus luonnontieteiden opiskelua kohtaan on heikentynyt sekä Suomessa että kansainvälisesti ja nuoria hakeutuu luonnontieteellisille aloille yhä vähemmän. Samaan aikaan Eurooppaan tarvitaan yli 700 000 uutta tutkijaa. Eräänä syynä nuorten kiinnostuksen puutteeseen luonnontieteiden opiskelua kohtaan pidetään nuorten stereotyyppistä tutkijakuvaa. Tutkijakuvalla tarkoitetaan henkilön mielikuvia ja käsityksiä tutkijoista. Stereotyyppiseen tutkijakuvaan kuuluvat käsitykset laboratoriotakkiin ja silmälaseihin pukeutuneista miehistä, jotka työskentelevät laboratoriossa tehden kokeita ympärillään monenlaisia tutkimusvälineitä. Stereotyyppisen tutkijakuvan väitetään vaikuttavan negatiivisesti nuorten asenteisiin ja kiinnostukseen luonnontieteiden opiskelua kohtaan ja jopa heidän halukkuuteensa hakeutua opiskelemaan luonnontieteellisille aloille. Suomalaisten lasten ja nuorten tutkijakuvaa ei ole aiemmin kartoitettu. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää suomalaisten lasten ja nuorten käsityksiä tutkijoista. Tutkimuskohteena olivat Helsingin yliopiston LumA-tiedekasvatuskeskuksen kesän 2017 tiedeleireille osallistuneet lapset ja nuoret (N=455). Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin sukupuolen, iän sekä tiedeleirin teeman yhteyttä leiriläisten tutkijakuvaan. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin kyselylomaketutkimusta, jossa vastaajat piirsivät omiin mielikuviinsa pohjautuvan kuvan tutkijasta. Piirroksia käsiteltiin määrällisenä aineistona. Jokainen piirustus analysoitiin tarkistuslistan avulla, johon listattiin kirjallisuudesta ja aineistosta nostettuja stereotyyppiseen tutkijakuvaan liittyviä piirteitä. Tulokset analysoitiin deskriptiivisellä analyysillä. Sukupuolten välisiä eroja tarkasteltiin khiin neliö -testien ja Mann-Whitneyn U-testin avulla. Iän yhteyttä tutkijakuvaan selvitettiin Kruskal-Wallis -testillä. Tutkimuksen luotettavuutta tarkasteltiin validiteetin ja reliabiliteetin avulla. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että suomalaisilla lapsilla ja nuorilla on stereotyyppisinä pidettyjä käsityksiä tutkijoista, vaikkakin stereotyyppisiä piirteitä esiintyi piirroksissa vähemmän aiempiin tutkimuksiin verrattuna. Tyypillisimmät piirroksissa esiintyneet stereotyyppiset piirteet olivat työskentely sisällä, miestutkija sekä erilaiset tutkimuksen symbolit ja teknologiavälineet. Sukupuolella oli yhteys tutkijakuvaan tyttöjen piirtäessä merkitsevästi enemmän naistutkijoita ja hymyileviä tutkijoita kuin pojat. Vastaajan ikä ei ollut yhteydessä stereotyyppisten piirteiden määrään, toisin kuin aiemmissa tutkimuksissa. Leirin teema oli vahvasti yhteydessä niihin tarvikkeisiin, joita tutkijan ympärille piirrettiin. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin piirrosten tulkinnan olevan subjektiivista ja vaikuttavan tutkimuksen tuloksiin. Siten nuorten tutkijakuvaa tulisi jatkossa kartoittaa useiden metodien avulla. Tämä tutkimus antaa viitteitä tiedeleirien potentiaalista lasten ja nuorten tutkijakuvan muovaamisessa. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää luonnontieteiden opetuksen kehittämisessä sekä formaalissa että nonformaalissa tiedekasvatuksessa: tiedostamalla nuoren oman tutkijakuvan muodostuminen voidaan opetuksessa tarjota oppijalle mahdollisuuksia muodostaa realistisempaa ja monipuolisempaa tutkijakuvaa esimerkiksi tutkijavierailujen ja toiminnallisten aktiviteettien kautta. Tämä voi lisätä nuorten kiinnostusta ja minäpystyvyyttä tutkijan uraa kohtaan.
  • Sainio, Aki (2018)
    In this master’s thesis I examine transdisciplinarity in theory and practice. Transdisciplinarity is seen as an inevitable approach when we strive to understand and solve many of the complex problems of the modern world e.g. the environmental crisis. For this reason it has also quickly increased in popularity in the research funding. With this premise and despite the diverse theory on transdisciplinarity the implementation in practice is often relatively flimsy. This gap between theory and practice has acted as a motivation to the thesis, in which I am interested in how the transdisciplinary expectations based on the theoretical ideals and set on the cross-disciplinary environmental research intersect with the realistic transdisciplinary advancements in the research programs. In addition, I am interested to know why the practice doesn’t meet the expectations. The thesis is solidly theory-oriented. First I shed light on the background, characteristics and motivations of transdisciplinarity as well as disciplines, after which I present an array of the complex challenges of transdisciplinarity. In the results section I examine the manifestations of the challenges on a practical level that is based on three environmental research programs organized over the course of 2011–2014 by HENVI, the Helsinki University Centre for Environment (now HELSUS). In addition to the qualitative analysis based on the interview data, the results section also examines theory on a more practical level of implementing transdisciplinary research programs in general. This presentation thus enables a closer dialogue between the analysis data and practical theory. The primary results of this thesis are five problematics that are the manifestations of theory not meeting the practice properly. They are organized into the themes of funding, knowledge production, administration, socio-culture and education and help to organize and ultimately face the challenges of transdisciplinary research. From a comprehensive set of perspectives the problematics display strongly the highly disciplinary nature of the modern academia. This is the most significant single reason for the difficulties to accomplish transdisciplinarity. In addition, all the five problematics reflect the temporal restrictions that also undermine the potential of an effective transdisciplinary interaction. The essential measures to create solutions and hence also the ideal implementation of transdisciplinarity are mainly beyond the focus of the thesis. However, the problematics provide a problem-based framework that strives to contribute to the further studies focused more profoundly on the actual solutions
  • Johansson, Anna (2018)
    Artificial light that produces some adverse effects is called light pollution. Light pollution has only recently been recognized as an environmental problem – it has been noticed to have adverse effects to organisms, ecosystems, human health and their well-being. The purpose of this study is to combine two aspects of light pollution that have so far gained little attention: the public’s point of view and the lighting solutions of municipalities and forest industry enterprises. These two aspects can be connected to each other through a concept called condition of lighting. Here the conditions of lighting consist of three areas with notable differences in lighting: city centers, countryside and forest industry production plants along with their surroundings. The study was conducted in South Karelia, Finland, and it was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with the public’s point of view on light pollution. The objective was to find out how South Karelians perceive the effects and obtrusiveness of artificial light both generally and also within areas of differing conditions of lighting. In addition, the intention was to uncover other factors that might influence the opinions of people. The second section of the study concerned the lighting solutions of municipalities and forest industry enterprises. The objective was to examine their lighting planning and implementation as well as the role of light pollution in the process. Interview was selected as the method of research in both sections of the study. The public considered electronic billboards and car headlights as the most obtrusive sources of light pollution. Bright lights and glare, on the other hand, were considered the most obtrusive types of light pollution. Most valued benefits of artificial light were its influence on safety, crime prevention and its positive effect on mood. Not being able to see the stars or experience natural darkness were considered as the biggest disadvantages of artificial light. The conditions of lighting in different areas also influenced the respondents’ experiences: people living in the countryside did not feel insecure in dark places outside the cities and did not consider abundant lighting pleasant. They also felt that being able to experience natural darkness was important. Among other factors, nature orientedness, light sensitivity, environmental attitudes and gender strongly affected the views of the respondents. In the municipalities and forest industry enterprises, the lighting planning concentrated on territorial plans. All but one of the municipalities and enterprises had taken light pollution into consideration at some level at least, but the forms and means varied. In the future both municipalities and forest industry enterprises will invest more in LED technology. The results show that artificial light can cause inconvenience to people who live outside the brightly lighted areas and who were not particularly interested in light pollution. Behind the inconvenience and disturbance were mostly the experiences, habits, values and attitudes of the respondents. The municipalities and enterprises have a lot to improve when it comes to light pollution. They should, for example, invest in comprehensive lighting planning, avoid over-illumination and pay attention to suitable direction and positioning of the light fixtures. In the future, it is important to examine the public’s opinion and to map the landscape of lights at a local scale. This would help in finding the most suitable lighting solutions for different areas. In the opinion polls, the subjective characteristics affecting the views of the respondents should be taken into consideration. Research regarding the municipalities and enterprises should be directed to the areas where light pollution is not regulated, in order to gather information on motivation and implementation of the voluntary activities reducing light pollution.
  • Hietala, Ville (2018)
    Antibioottiresistenssi yleistyy infektioita aiheuttavien bakteereiden keskuudessa. Infektioita hoitaessa joudutaan siten miettimään uusia tapoja infektioiden parantamiseksi. Yhden vaihtoehdon tarjoaa bakteriofagiterapia. Siinä infektiota sairastavalle annetaan bakteriofageja, jotka infektoivat bakteereita, lisääntyvät niissä ja tuhoavat ne. Kirjallisuudessa on runsaasti lupaavia esimerkkejä tästä terapiamuodosta. Kuitenkin bakteriofagituotteiden on oltava tarpeeksi puhtaita, erityisesti siinä tilanteessa, jos niitä annetaan suonensisäisesti. Gramnegatiivisten bakteereiden tärkeä rakenneosa on lipopolysakkaridi eli LPS, joka ihmisen verenkiertoon päästessään voi olla vaarallinen. Siksi, mikäli bakteriofagit on tuotettu gramnegatiivisissa bakteereissa, LPS:t on kyettävä poistamaan näytteistä. Tässä Pro Gradu-työssä tutkittiin viidessä eri koejärjestelyssä, kuinka erilaiset tekniikat ja niiden yhdistelmät vaikuttivat bakteriofagien ja LPS:n määrään näytteissä. Lisäksi arvioitiin SDS-PAGE-geelissä näytteiden proteiinikoostumusta. Näytteistä mitattiin myös dsDNA-pitoisuus. Tutkitut tekniikat olivat ultrafiltraatio, anioninvaihtokromatografia, oktanoliuutto ja kaupalliset endotoksiininpoistotuotteet EndoTrap- ja Pierce high endotoxin removal-pylväät. Koejärjestelyssä 1 suodatettua bakteriofagilysaattia puhdistettiin ensiksi oktanoliuutolla, sitten ultrafiltraatiolla, anioninvaihtokromatografialla ja lopuksi uudella ultrafiltraatiolla. Endotoksiinipitoisuus laski eniten kromatografiassa mutta toisen ultrafiltraation jälkeen se pysyi varsin samana. Tiitteri pieneni vain oktanoliuutossa ja kromatografiassa (jossa osittain laimenemisen takia), kun ultrafiltraatioissa muutos edeltävään tiitteriin oli varsin pieni. Lopuksi näytteissä oli keskimäärin n. 15 EU (endotoksiiniyksikköä)/10^9 pfu (plaque forming unit). Toisessa koejärjestelyssä aloitettiin ultrafiltraatiolla ja sen jälkeen näytteet puhdistettiin joko EndoTrap- tai Pierce-pylväällä. Kaikki vaiheet poistivat endotoksiineita. Ultrafiltraatio pienensi hieman tiittereitä mutta EndoTrap-pylväs ei. Pierce-pylväässä tiitterin aleneminen oli huomattavaa, jolloin EndoTrap-pylvään jälkeen näytteissä oli keskimäärin 0,0574 EU/10^9 pfu ja Pierce-pylvään jälkeen 33700 EU/10^9 pfu eli suhde oli jopa enemmän kuin lysaatissa. Kolmannessa koejärjestelyssä aloitettiin ultrafiltraatiolla, jonka jälkeen oli kromatografia ja uusi ultrafiltraatio. Ensimmäisessä ultrafiltraatiossa tiitterit pienenivät jonkin verran mutta kromatografian ja toisen ultrafiltraation jälkeen se oli varsin sama, kuin ensimmäisen ultrafiltraation jälkeen. Endotoksiinipitoisuus pieneni taas eniten kromatografiassa ja se oli varsin sama toisen ultrafiltraation jälkeen, jolloin puhdistetuissa näytteissä oli keskimäärin 57,1 EU/10^9 pfu. Neljännessä koejärjestelyssä lysaattia ultrafiltroitiin ensiksi, sen jälkeen ruiskutettiin kromatografialaitteeseen, ultrafiltroitiin uudestaan ja sen jälkeen puhdistettiin joko EndoTrap- tai Pierce-pylväällä. 1. ultrafiltraatio pienensi taas hieman tiitteriä mutta se oli varsin sama EndoTrap-pylväällä puhdistetussa näytteessä. Pierce-pylvään kanssa tiitteri pieneni taas huomattavasti. Endotoksiinipitoisuudet pienenivät taas kaikissa vaiheissa, jolloin EndoTrap-pylväällä puhdistetussa näytteissä oli keskimäärin 0,0839 EU/10^9 pfu ja Pierce-pylväällä 5480 EU/10^9 pfu. Viides koejärjestely oli muuten sama, kuin koejärjestelyn 2 Pierce-pylväs järjestely mutta korkeamman NaCl-pitoisuuden eluutiopuskurilla ja suuremmalla näytetilavuudella. Tällöin tiitteri ei pienentynyt yhtä paljon, endotoksiinipitoisuus oli lopussa vain hieman korkeampi kuin koejärjestelyssä 2 ja loppuun asti puhdistetussa näytteessä oli keskimäärin 71,21 EU/10^9 pfu. SDS-PAGE-tutkimuksessa ja dsDNA-mittauksissa näkyi, että ultrafiltraatio yksin riittää poistamaan muut bakteeriperäiset proteiinit ja dsDNA:n. Tosin koejärjestelyssä 1 käytetty oktanoli saattaa vaikuttaa dsDNA:n puhdistumiseen ultrafiltraatiossa. Töissä onnistuttiin tuottamaan näytteitä, joissa sekä riitti bakteriofageja, että endotoksiinipitoisuus oli pudonnut huomattavasti. Kun huomioidaan käytännöllisyys ja nopeus, parhaaksi tavaksi puhdistaa LPS:t valikoitui ultrafiltraatio yhdistettynä EndoTrap-pylvääseen. Johtuen bakteriofagien ja LPS:ien monimuotoisuudesta, ei toisella bakteriofagilla välttämättä päästä samoihin