Browsing by Author "Ittonen, Mats"

Because of their eusociality and diverse adaptations, ants are classic study objects in evolutionary biology. Supercolonies consisting of numerous nests have recently received much attention. Supercoloniality is an ecologically dominant and successful lifestyle, but it may be an evolutionary dead end. A supercolony has extremely many queens, and relatedness between colony members is thus very low. Inclusive fitness theory predicts selfish traits to spread in such low relatedness colonies, and if relatedness is zero, kin selection cannot act on worker traits. In such situations eusociality cannot persist. Dispersal is dangerous to daughter queens, and only a small fraction succeeds in establishing new nests. When relatedness between daughter queens and the rest of a colony is high, kin selection will, however, favor dispersal, because competition against relatives does not benefit daughter queens. But when relatedness is low, daughter queens may maximize their inclusive fitness by staying in their natal colony, although dispersal would be the collective interest of the colony. Non-dispersing by daughter queens is thus selfish behavior and is expected in low relatedness colonies. I studied dispersal between a large nest aggregation and other smaller colonies of the ant Formica pressilabris in Raseborg, Southern Finland. I found a supercolony-like dense aggregation of more than 1 300 nests on a 9 ha large abandoned field, as well as three other nest aggregations a few hundreds of meters away from the assumed supercolony. I studied dispersal between these subpopulations indirectly by estimating gene flow using microsatellite DNA markers. I extracted DNA from 285 nests and studied ten microsatellite loci. In addition to the population genetic study, I performed behavioral experiments, on one hand to determine whether supercolony workers identify intruders at all, and on the other hand to investigate whether the large nest aggregation actually is one supercolony. My results show limited gene flow between the four subpopulations. The two largest subpopulations are viscous, i.e. neighboring nests are genetically more similar to each other than to more distant nests in the same subpopulation. However, my results do not support my hypothesis that supercolony daughter queens disperse less than daughter queens from other colonies in the area. One explanation for this result is that non-dispersal of daughter queens does not show up in microsatellite studies. This might be the case if there is enough male dispersal to even out the gene flow between subpopulations. Another possible explanation is that dispersal is limited from all of the subpopulations, which all seem to be polydomous. Thirdly, it may be that even supercolony daughter queens disperse, which would be against my hypothesis. This possibility is supported by the weakness of the population structuring. These three alternatives are mutually nonexclusive and may all affect my results. In my behavioral experiments I found aggression between nests of the nest aggregation assumed to be a supercolony. Thus, it is not a uniform supercolony, as ants of a colony are by definition not aggressive towards each other. This result is surprising, and such a supercolony-like nest aggregation with aggression between its nests has not been reported earlier. If the nest aggregation actually consists of many smaller polydomous colonies, the result from my population genetic study, which is against my a priori hypothesis, would be expected. My results underline that sufficient attention should be paid to the interactions between individual nests when studying supercolonies.