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Background and aim. Bilingualism is a worldwide and old phenomenon. It is also a current topic in speech therapy. Bilingualism can be defined in many ways, for example by the age when a person has been exposed to his/her languages. Bilingual children are common clients in Finnish speech therapy field due to increased immigration. When evaluating the linguistic skills of a bilingual child the speech therapist might need to co-operate with an interpreter. In this research the aim was to identify how the SLT's feel the co-operance with the interpreters in evaluation situations. There is only few former studies about this subject, especially in Finland. Some studies have been made to examine the co-operation of the interpreter and another healthcare provider. In this study we also asked if there are some typical challenges in the co-operation and could something be done to develop this liaison. Methods. In this study 12 SLT's were interviewed. They worked in the capital area of Finland. I contacted the leading SLT's to recruit the examinees. The SLT's had been working 2-34 years and they all had evaluated bilingual children in co-operation with an interpreter. The semistructured interview material was gathered and transcribed in the autumn 2014. After transcribing the material was separated into four main themes for reporting the results. Results and discussion. Co-operation between SLT and interpreter shows out to be working mainly fine. Typical challenge mentioned is for example achieving a natural interaction. There are still some lacks in the language skills of the interpreters and the SLT's hope to develop the co-operation with a better guidance (also in the training program of logopedics) and diverse co-operation opportunities. The SLT's seem to appreciate interpreters' social skills, language proficiency, natural interaction with children and flexibility in diverse therapy situations.

Objectives. Purpose of this study was to examine clothing consumption or “wardrobe” as a vast entity, including daily clothing consumption practises as well as aspects of self-expression. Sustainable clothing consumption and it’s challenges were also examined and new clothing consumption possibilities charted. In this study the main focus was to understand what kind of thoughts and possible conflicts respondents experience regarding clothing consumption and compare findings to clothing quantity data. It was also analysed if there was any significant change that had occurred in clothing consumption habits during past years. Goal of this study was to increase awareness about the complex theme of clothing consumption and develop new solutions for those challenges. Methods. Data was collected using an electronic form (E-lomake) by Riikka Räisänen during years 2010–2016. Respondents were students of the University of Helsinki and The Open University of Helsinki, who participated in a course covering themes as textiles, consumer studies and sustainable development. Research material consisted of 395 students’ responses which contained wardrobe inventories (quantitative data) and open questionnaires (qualitative data). Mixed methods approach is used in the study to gain a whole picture. Results and conclusions. Consumers discontent with their clothing quantity seems to have increased, which could be a consequence of popular trends of wardrobe decluttering or general atmospheric change regarding one’s possessions. However, it seems that strong personal style and rational clothing purchases make clothing quantity more satisfactory. Clothes were meaningful for almost all respondents, but the most important pieces of clothing were the ones carrying an important story or memories. What would it take for consumers to fill their wardrobes with these meaningful pieces instead of insignificant ones? This topic requires further investigation.

Dress and clothing have been studied a lot from the symbolic interaction perspective where dress is seen as a message. According to symbolic interactionism a person tells about him or herself and expresses the self through different identities. In this study, I ask how women express their self and identity through dress and what is other persons' role in women's expression of their dressing identity. In addition, I look for answers to the questions why women are preserving clothes they do not use and what kind of meanings they attach to these clothes. I used a combination of thematic and narrative interviews for collecting of data. I interviewed nine women between 19 and 64 years of age. In the course of the interviews, informants presented clothes they liked, clothes that were special for them and clothes that they had but which they no longer used. I coded the data with Atlas/ti program. I analyzed the data by using a theory dependent approach. Women express their self through various identities that are affected by social context. Women also define their identities by rejecting such ways of dressing that they think are uncharacteristic for themselves. They are careful not to reveal too much. They are also sensitive about overdressing and being labeled into a wrong age group. Women's dress is affected by an imaginary other person's look, an image of how other people see them. This is especially evident in work and formal dress. Women's favorite clothes made them feel comfortable, they felt that these clothes reflected their own style, and women believed that they looked good in wearing those clothes. Women preserved clothes that they did not use because they believed that they still one day would use them or they wanted to keep them as memories. The clothes kept as memories build up women's present day identity by disclosing what she had been before and reminding her of positive moments in the past.

Objectives. The study on costume has mainly focused on the work and the artistic process of the costume designer. Realizing the design in collaboration with the costume designer and the costume maker has remained mostly unstudied. The aim of the study was to investigate the various forms of collaboration between the costume designer and the costume maker during the costume making process. The study also aimed to understand the factors that influence different forms of collaboration and to examine how they enable and promote productive collaboration. Methods. The data for the study was collected by interviewing four costume designers and four costume makers between May and August 2017. The interviews were carried out as semi-structured interviews, which best correspond to focused interview. Interviewees were chosen for their education and long work experience in the profession. The transcribed interviews were coded in atlas.ti with theory- and material-oriented approach. Qualitative analysis of the coded data was executed with thematic categorizing. Results and conclusions. The study shows a wide range of variation in the collaborative process both in terms of quantity and quality. Many factors influence the collaboration. These include professional expertise, attitudes towards work and the collaborators, the settled and personally preferred work methods, as well as the level of familiarity between the collaborators, communication between them and mutual respect. The production process itself, schedules and resources, management, division of work and atmosphere in the wardrobe also have an effect on the collaboration. Preconditions for productive collaboration consist of several factors, but self-respect and the appreciation for one’s collaborator seem to be the most significant, alongside positive, flexible and professional attitude.

My research is object study on textiles and footwear during times of 1940s depression. The aim of the study was to find out what materials the objects in the collection were made of, what working methods had been used in their manufacture, and what kind of features and solutions were found in the objects typical of the depression time. Finland experienced a depression as a result of the Second World War from 1939 onwards. Foreign trade relations were severed and grain harvests in their own country suffered from drought, so the sale of food and goods began to be rationed. Rationing lasted until 1954, when the last foods were released from rationing. During the depression, clothes were made from all possible materials that could be found in attics and fences. Fabrics that were not usually used to make clothes were now pre-cisely utilized. Substitute materials were also developed to replace fabrics, the most common of which was paper. Among other things, shoe covers, curtains and sheets were made from it. Self-sufficiency increased during depression and rationing, and the cultivation of flax, for exam-ple, became more common. Linen was a common material for textiles during times of shortage. Footwear was made of wood, thick fabrics and reeds. Textiles from depression time have been studied before. Most of the research has been based on interviews or written sources. Anna Vesamäki has done object study on textiles during depression in the elevator market field, and my own research is very similar to Vesamäki's research. Vesamäki studied the clothes handed over to the University Museum by the Kotitalouskeskus. She chose clothes made of adult woven fabric for her material. I used the same collection of as yet unexplored textiles and footwear in my research. In my material there are three breeches and a suit made of woven fabric (includes a jacket and breeches), baby knitted pants, a hand towel, a washing mitt, eight socks made of different materials, two mit-tens, two pairs of stables, three reed shoes and a pan cap. I study objects by applying the model that Vesamäki has used in his own research, following the model developed by Jules Prown (1982). Research is basic research. I will first describe the objects and introduce their materials and methods of manufacture. After that, I examine whether the pre-inducing materi-als, manufacturing methods or other features of the objects are typical of the depression time. The textiles and footwear were made from materials typical of the depression and with typical manufacturing methods. All clothing made of woven fabric contained linen. Several ex-tension pieces were found on the clothes, which indicates that the fabrics have been used very precisely. The socks used a lot of wool and linen, as well as human hair and animal hair. Both clothes and socks are rough, and the fabrics are partially of poor quality and have flaws. Socks and mittens seem high-quality, despite the roughness. The footwear contained materials very typical for the depression. Both stables were made of woolen fabric and the other shoes were made of braided reeds. The pan cap was also made from reeds. However, all the items in my material are neat and carefully prepared.

Home economics is a multidisciplinary field of study which is interested in studying issues related to families and the well-being of the household. According to the familistic concept, the family is a unit that comes before everything else. However, families with two living standards differ from this ideal, as they emphasize more individualistic features and are the focus in this research. It is known from previous studies that the uneven distribution of financial resources within the family can cause differences in well-being among family members and at the same time lead to conflicts and dissatisfaction. Data for the research was collected by publishing an invitation in Facebook to join a survey in early spring 2023. It was open for three weeks. 96 people replied. The respondents were asked to tell in their own words what kind of emotions the two different living standards evoke in them and how it manifests itself in their everyday life and well-being. Majority of those who responded to the invitation to write were women. The narratives written by the respondents were analyzed using theory-driven content analysis. Allardt's different dimensions of well-being: having, loving, doing, being, and the objective and subjective indicators derived from them by Martela were used as a reference. According to the results, there were a large amount of negative emotions such as anxiety, unfairness, inferiority and shame in families of two living standards. The feelings remained the same, regardless of whether the respondent was a member with a lower income, a higher income or a member who offered the child's perspective. In addition to negative emotions, the well-being of families was weakened by many other things. By analyzing the stories, 24 subcategories were created, which told their own story about how the different living standards affected a family. Subcategories were created under each dimension of well-being. For example, the “having” dimension can be connected to being left out of society's support networks and the fear of intergenerational transmission, and the “loving” dimension, on the other hand, can be connected to a lack of appreciation and emotional violence. Weak opportunities for self-realization can be associated with the “doing” dimension and mental health challenges with the “being” dimension. This study increases the understanding of families with two different living standards. In these families, the person in a better financial position has more power to decide on family matters. At worst, there could be indications of financial and emotional violence in the families. The phenomenon affects more women, because of the structures of society. Women tend often bear the responsibility of caring for their children and the expenses incurred by them. Based on the research, however, it can be concluded that family members should also bear responsibility for each other's financial prosperity, as it impacts all areas of well-being.

Sustainable and diverse use of natural resources has a significant role in developing environmentally benign processes and products in the future. There is a growing need for ecological and natural dyes. The aim of this study was to examine the dyeing properties of the fungus Cortinarius armillatus and the stems and leaves of sunflower, Helianthus annuus. Also, the mordant remnants in natural dye baths were under investigation. Metal mordants are commonly used in natural dyeing to enhance the binding of the dye to the fibre. These auxiliary substances can be harmful to human health and the environment. The amount of the used metal mordant varies in the dyeing recipes. Therefore, the second object of the study was to find out how much of the mordant remains in the dyeing liquid after the dyeing process and to determine if the amount is hazardous to environment. Woollen fabric and yarn meta-mordanted with different concentrations of alum and ferrous sulphate were dyed with C. armillatus and H. annuus. The obtained shades were red from the C. armillatus and yellow and green from the H. annuus. The CIELAB values varied depending on the used mordant. The concentration of the ferrous sulphate had a greater impact on the colour than the concentration of the alum. The colour fastness to washing was more stable in the samples dyed with C. armillatus than dyed with H. annuus. The light fastness was moderate in all the dyeing conditions, whereas the rubbing fastness properties were generally good. The mordant or its concentration did not have consistent effect to the light or rubbing fastness. The applied mordant did not totally bind to the fibre. The amount of the remaining metal substances was high and even higher than the original amount. Mordants were bound to the fibre most effectively in the premordanting procedure. In addition, ferrous sulphate bound better to the dyed fibre than alum. The amount of the remaining mordant was affected by the dye and the dyeing procedure, therefore it was difficult to draw general conclusions about the optimal mordant concentrations. Although the aluminium and iron remnants were high compared to the original applied amount, their use is not environmentally hazardous in domestic scale applications.

Indigo is one of humanity’s most important sources of blue color. Synthetic indigo is produced from oil refining by-products and uses chemicals that are harmful to the environment. Natural indigo would be more environmentally friendly, but it does not guarantee an environmentally friendly dyeing process, since sodium dithionite, which is environmentally harmful, is often used to reduce indigo. This study examines the dyeing of cotton with woad (Isatis tinctoria) and the reduction of indigo with environmentally friendly sugars. The goal is to find an environmentally friendly dyeing method suitable for home dyers and craft teaching. Indigo precursors were extracted from three different strains of woad by three slightly different steeping methods. Indigo was reduced to its water-soluble form with fructose and glucose, and control samples with sodium dithionite. The resulting indigo dye was used to dye cotton fabric. The color yield is considered in relation to the different strains of woad, extraction methods and reducing agents. In addition, the washing and abrasion resistance of the color with different strains of woad, extraction methods and reducing agents is examined. Longer extraction time and chopping of the leaves improved the dyeing result. However, in addition to indigo, chopped leaves and longer extraction time also resulted in increased amount of other colorants in the dye, as the samples were greener and more yellow than their controls. However, in laundering, these samples faded less than others and their color turned bluer as the yellow colorants washed away. Among the strains, the best color yield was obtained from the 2002 row spacing and seed quantity test conducted by the MTT Agrifood Research Finland (now known as the Natural Resources Institute Finland). There were no differences in the laundering and abrasion resistance tests between the woad strains. Indigo was successfully reduced with both fructose and glucose, but color yields were lighter and less blue than with sodium dithionite. There were no significant differences in color yield between fructose and glucose. Fructose scored slightly better than other reducing agents in laundering tests. Sugar reduction is thus well suited for both home dyeing and craft teaching, but to improve the coloring result, the woad leaves should be chopped and extracted in hot water (80 ˚C) for half an hour.

The aim of this study was to describe in which ways child’s participation is seen in round-the-clock daycare centres. Thesis focused on the experiences of early childhood education teachers regarding children’s participation in early childhood education. The aim was to find out how early childhood education teachers consider themselves to support and promote children’s participation. The aim was also to find out early childhood education teachers define the concept of participation and how participation affects everyday early childhood education practices. The thesis is based on qualitative research. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with six early childhood education teachers working in different round-the-clock daycare centers in Helsinki city, Finland. The need to this kind of research rises from childrens’ right to be heard about matters that concern themselves. Studies of child’s participation in the round-the-clock point of view are lesser. The rights of the child are based on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Act on Early Childhood Education and Care (540/2018). Previous studies point out that children participation is a multidimensional phenomenon. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the view of participation as one of the principle of hearing children. The theory of participation has been dealt with according to the Hart’s ladder of participation (1992), Shier’s pathway to participation (2001) and multidimensional model of participation by Turja (2017). From the research results it can be concluded that early childhood teachers in round-the-clock groups are aware of the different factors affecting child’s participation. The results confirm also the earlier views that the phenomenon of participation is multidimensional. The results show how adults are aware of the child's right to be heard, influence and participate in his or her own community. The child’s participation is meaningful at the round-the-clock daycare centers and in the quality of the Early Childhood studies. It is important as a adult to support a child to experience that he can influence the aspects that affect him and that he is a unique person. The most essential way to increase child’s participation is to meet the child and come face to face with him by intentionally.

This study did focus on examining the pharmacy students of Helsinki University and their own experi-ence of their self -efficacy, psychological flexibility and wellbeing through exhaustion. This study also focused on the connections of self-efficacy believes, psychological flexibility skills and exhaustion. The research material used in this study was prepared by the HowULearn survey that is prepared be re-search and development unit (YTY) of the university of Helsinki. The first research question examined pharmacy student’s own experience of their psychological flexi-bility, self- efficacy and experience of exhaustion. Answers to the first research question were found by using frequency analysis and basic numbers such as mode and median. The normality of the used data was tested whit Kolmogrov-sminov test. The second research question examined the connections between oself -efficacy, psychological flexibil-ity and exhaustion. Answers to this second research question were found by using correlation analysis and regression analysis. According to the results obtained in this research pharmacy students experienced having good psychological flexibility skills and experienced good self-efficacy believes. Better self-efficacy believes and better skills in psychological flexibility associated whit low exhaustion or no exhaustion at all and vice versa. Self -efficacy believes, skills in psychological flexibility seem to have an important connection to the well-being of pharmacy students. For this reason it is important to increase understanding of the relationships between self-efficacy, psychological flexibility and experience of exhaustion on students.