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  • Öhman, Suvi (2022)
    Tavoite: Toiminnanohjaus vastaa kognition ja käyttäytymisen koordinoinnista arjen tilanteissa ja on siten keskeinen päivittäisistä haasteista selviämiseksi. Tutkimuksia COVID-19-infektion yhteyksistä toiminnanohjaukseen ja erityisesti sen arkielämän ilmiasuihin on toistaiseksi vähän. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-A) -mittarilla arvioitua arjen toiminnanohjausta 3 ja 6 kuukautta COVID-19-infektion akuuttivaiheen jälkeen. Tavoitteena on selvittää yhteyksiä akuuttivaiheen edellyttämään hoidon tasoon (tehohoito, tavallinen vuodeosasto, ei sairaalahoitoa) ja ajallisia muutoksia 3:sta 6:teen kuukauteen. Lisätavoitteena on selvittää, miten itsearvio on yhteydessä läheisen arvioon tilanteesta. Menetelmät: Tämä tutkimus on osa RECOVID-20-tutkimusprojektia. Otokseen (n = 154) kuului 111 COVID-19-potilasta, joiden akuuttivaiheen edellyttämä hoito erosi (tehohoito n = 42, tavallinen vuodeosasto n = 40, ei sairaalahoitoa n = 29), sekä 43 tervettä verrokkia. Mittarina käytettiin BRIEF-A-kyselyä, jonka osallistujat ja heidän läheisensä täyttivät 3 ja 6 kuukautta akuuttivaiheen jälkeen (kontrolliryhmä kerran). Potilaiden ja verrokkien sekä hoitoryhmien välisiä eroja BRIEF-A:n itsearvion summapistemäärässä (GEC) 3 ja 6 kuukauden kohdalla tarkasteltiin yleistetyillä lineaarisilla malleilla. Ajallisia muutoksia itsearvion summapistemäärässä, itsearvion ja läheisen arvion eroa, sekä näiden yhteyksiä hoidon tasoon tutkittiin yleistetyillä sekamalleilla. Ikä, sukupuoli ja koulutustaso kontrolloitiin kaikissa analyyseissa. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset: Tämä tutkimus on tiettävästi yksi ensimmäisistä arjen toiminnanohjauksen ja COVID-19-infektion yhteyksiin keskittyvistä tutkimuksista. Keskeiset tulokset viittaavat siihen, että arjen toiminnanohjauksen ongelmat eivät lisäänny COVID-19-infektion jälkeen. On kuitenkin huomattava, että yksilöllinen vaihtelu oli suurta, eli osa toipuvista potilaista saattaa olla alttiimpia kokemaan toiminnanohjauksen ongelmia arjessaan. Keskimäärin arjen toiminnanohjauksen tila ei näyttänyt muuttuvan merkittävästi 3 ja 6 kuukauden mittauksien välillä, mutta muutoksen suunta vaihteli akuuttivaiheen hoidon tason mukaan. Tehohoidossa olleilla potilailla itsearvioidut ongelmat näyttivät keskimäärin lisääntyvän hieman, kun taas muilla potilailla muutos oli laskeva. Lisäksi havaittiin, että osallistujat raportoivat keskimäärin enemmän ongelmia kuin heidän läheisensä. Yllättäen ero oli pienin tehohoidossa hoidetuilla potilailla, mikä saattaa johtua lisääntyneestä tarkkailusta vakavan lähipiirissä ilmenneen sairauden jälkeen. Kokonaisuudessaan tämän tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat alustavasti arjen toiminnanohjauksen erillisyyteen muista kognition ja toiminnanohjauksen osa-alueista.
  • Talvitie, Emma (2018)
    Objectives: The unmet need in treatment utilization is a major public issue and therefore it is important to study factors associated with it. This study examines how intelligence, more specifically verbal intelligence, and transdiagnostic psychopathology are associated with treatment utilization and does socioeconomic status mediate these associations. Methods: The current study utilizes a vast cross-sectional data The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007 (APMS 2007). The study sample included 4,707 participants (56% women). The structure of psychopathology was first examined with series of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The associations of verbal IQ, psychopathology and socioeconomic status to treatment utilization were examined with series of structural equation models (SEM). Multiple imputation procedures were conducted to correct for any possible bias resulting from missing values and the abovementioned analyses were rerun with the imputed data (n=7,403). Results and Conclusions: The results showed comorbidity of mental disorders can be modelled with two latent transdiagnostic factors, namely internalization and externalization. Psychopathology, especially internalization, seems to be the best predictor of treatment utilization. This notion emphasizes the utility of transdiagnostic approach in examining those who seek treatment and further their utility in the context of mental health care.
  • Tanskanen, Tomas (2013)
    Objective. Early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC), defined here as age of onset less than 40 years, develops frequently in genetically predisposed individuals. Next-generation sequencing is an increasingly available option in the diagnostic workup of suspected hereditary susceptibility, but little is known about the practical feasibility and additional diagnostic yield of the technology in this patient group. Materials and methods. We analyzed 38 young CRC patients derived from a set of 1514 CRC cases. All 38 tumors had been tested in our laboratory for microsatellite instability (MSI), and Sanger sequencing had been used to screen for MLH1 and MSH2 mutations in MSI cases. Also, gastrointestinal polyposis had been diagnosed clinically and molecularly. Family histories were acquired from national registries. If inherited syndromes had not been diagnosed in routine diagnostic efforts (n = 23), normal tissue DNA was analyzed for mutations in a comprehensive set of high-penetrance genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, APC, MUTYH, SMAD4, BMPR1A, LKB1/STK11, and PTEN) by exome sequencing. Results. CRC predisposition syndromes were confirmed in 42% (16/38) of early-onset CRC patients. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer was diagnosed in 12 (32%) patients, familial adenomatous polyposis in three (7.9%), and juvenile polyposis in one (2.6%) patient. Exome sequencing revealed one additional MLH1 mutation. Over half of the patients had advanced cancers (Dukes C or D, 61%, 23/38). The majority of nonsyndromic patients had unaffected first-degree relatives and microsatellite-stable tumors. Conclusions. Microsatellite instability positivity or gastrointestinal polyposis characterized all patients with unambiguous highly penetrant germline mutations. In our series, exome sequencing produced little added value in diagnosing the underlying predisposition conditions.
  • Karhu, Thomas (2016)
    The main focus of this study is a Finnish family, in which four out of eight children presented with an unidentified disease causing a grave developmental disorder. A genetic cause for this disorder was sought by utilizing whole exome sequencing. Both parents, two affected siblings and one healthy sibling were sequenced. After variant filtering and analysis, only the candidate gene UBA5 passed the filtering criteria. The results were validated using Sanger sequencing. Both affected individuals were shown to have compound heterozygous variants of this gene, with one of the variants being novel. No cases of disease in humans associated with UBA5 have prior to this study been reported. However, other unrelated patients with a similar phenotype have since been found to possess pathogenic variants in the gene UBA5, which confirms the claim that it's the disease-causing gene. Therefore, this study enhances our knowledge of the gene's physiological significance.
  • Heikkilä, Nelli; Mannerström, Helga; Kekäläinen, Eliisa; Saavalainen, Päivi; Jarva, Hanna; Laakso, Sini M.; Arstila, T. Petteri (2016)
    APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy) on suomalaiseen tautiperimään kuuluva harvinainen monogeeninen autoimmuunisyndrooma, joka aiheutuu AIRE-geenin mutaatioista. AIRE:a ilmennetään pääasiassa kateenkorvassa, jossa se ohjaa kudosspesifien antigeenien ekspressiota ja esittelyä kehittyville tymosyyteille. AIRE:n mu-taatiot johtavat tymosyyttien negatiivisen selektion häiriintymiseen, jolloin autoreaktiivisia T-soluklooneja pääsee kehittymään. APECED-potilaiden perifeerisen veren CD8+ T-solupopulaatiossa on havaittu patologisia poikkeavuuksia, CD4+ säätelijä-T-solut toimivat puutteellisesti ja autovasta-aineet häiritsevät Th17-auttajasolujen toimintaa. Tutkimme CD4+ auttaja-T-solujen toimintaa kymmenessä APECED-potilaassa ja terveessä verrokissa solustimulaatioilla, virtaussytometrialla ja transkriptomianalyysilla. Effektori/muistisolujen osuus oli suurentunut, kun taas naiiveja soluja oli vähemmän. Naiivit solut vaikuttivat poikkeavasti aktivoituneilta, sillä ne tuottivat kypsille auttaja-T-soluille tyypillisiä sytokiinejä. Erityisesti interferoni gamman (IFN-γ) tuotanto oli lisääntynyt, mikä sopii yhteen CD8+ T-solujen häiriön kanssa, sillä IFN-γ stimuloi CD8+ T-soluja. Myös vastikään kateenkorvasta lähteneissä auttaja-T-soluissa havaittiin samoja poikkeavuuksia effektori/muistisolujen ja naiivien solujen suhteissa sekä sytokiinituotannossa. Löydökset viittaavat auttaja-T-solujen häiriöön ja ennenaikaiseen aktivaatioon, joka alkaa jo kateenkorvassa tapahtuvan kehityksen aikana.
  • Ahokas, Lauri Juhani (2011)
    The Hodgkin and Huxley (HH) model of action potential has become a central paradigm of neuroscience. Despite its ability to predict action potentials with remarkable accuracy, it fails to explain several biophysical findings related to the initiation and propagation of the nerve impulse. The isentropic heat release and optical phenomena demonstrated by various experiments suggest that action potential is accompanied by a transient phase change in the axonal membrane. In this study a method was developed for preparing a giant axon from the crayfish abdominal cord for studying the molecular mechanisms of action potential simultaneously by electrophysiological and optical methods. Also an alternative setup using a single-cell culture of an Aplysia sensory neuron is presented. In addition to the description of the method, the preliminary results on the effect of phloretin, a dipole potential lowering compound, on the excitability of a crayfish giant axon are presented.
  • Rinne, Nea (2022)
    Aims: Reading ability is a fundamental skill in the modern society, yet some individuals have difficulties in learn-ing to read and write. There is a lot of variability in reading skills, and one reason that can cause reading difficulty is a neurodevelopmental disorder called dyslexia. It is the most common learning disability, and the core deficit in dyslexia lies in word decoding, which is the process of connecting letter combinations into their corresponding auditory representations. Dyslexia is familial and is recognized to have strong genetic background. A dozen dyslexia susceptibility genes have been suggested, but DYX1C1, DCDC2 and KIAA0319 have been associated with dyslexia most commonly. The function of these genes is however not yet fully understood. In previous studies variation in these genes have been linked to struc-tural brain alterations in left hemispheric regions where language is mostly processed. The aim of this study was to examine the connection between dyslexia susceptibility genes DCDC2, DYX1C1 and KI-AA0319 and variation in brain activity during reading tasks in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), infe-rior Frontal Gyrus (IFG) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS), by combining functional magnetic resonance imag-ing data and genetic data in a neurotypical population. Previous studies have reported that weaker reading skills are associated with decreased brain activity in these regions, and reading incongruent sentences has been associated with increased brain activity in the left IFG and MTG. Methods: During fMRI, participants were presented with sentences with illogical and logical endings, and judged them as either congruent or incongruent, in distracted and undistracted conditions. Auditory speech stimuli were used as distractor. Regions of Interest analyses were conducted to examine brain activation in the aforementioned brain regions during distracted and non-distracted reading separately for different allelic groups in single nucleotide polymorphisms of the three genes. Results and Conclusions: DYX1C1 showed significant interaction with brain activation in the IPS. A significant interaction of DCDC2 with logic was found in the IFG and IPS showing that individuals carrying susceptibility alleles have reduced brain activation when reading incongruent sentences. Additionally, DCDC2 showed inter-action with distraction in the IFG, as individuals carrying susceptibility alleles had reduced brain activa-tion when a speech distractor was presented. In the MTG, there was a significant interaction of DCDC2 with logic and distractor showing that in different allelic groups, speech distractor modulated the activa-tion elicited by incongruent sentences in different ways. These results provide a link between variation in dyslexia susceptibility genes and brain activation during reading. Previous studies have mostly linked dyslexia susceptibility genes to structural brain alterations, and dyslexia and lower reading skills have been linked to variation in brain activity. The current study therefore expands the current understanding of genetic basis on reading and linguistic processing.
  • Kuparinen, Xenia; Resendiz-Nieves, Julio; Kivisaari, Riku; Marjamaa, Johan; Abdirisak, Ahmed Haji Omar; Gröndahl, Joonatan; Vartiainen, Nuutti (2023)
    Background and objective: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective treatment for chronic pain that does not respond to conservative treatment. Nonetheless, up to 38% of all implanted SCS electrodes are explanted, and while the risks involved in the surgical implantation of SCS paddle electrodes are well documented, there is scarce information about SCS explantations and their associated complications. We aimed to document the complication rate in SCS paddle electrode explantations and identify predisposing factors. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes and the characteristics of all patients who underwent explantation of surgically implanted SCS paddle electrodes at the Helsinki University Hospital Department of Neurosurgery between February 2005 and October 2020. Results: 131 explantations were performed on 106 patients. The complication rate was 18.3% (24 operations). Major complications occurred during five operations (3.8%). No permanent neurological deficits were recorded. Smoking predisposed patients to postoperative complications (p = .023). On average, patients who suffered complications required a day longer hospitalisation (p = .011). Patients who had repeated explantations (three or more) suffered significantly more complications than patients who had only one or two operations (15.4% VS 62.5%, p = .005). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the explantation of the SCS paddle electrode is a relatively safe surgical procedure. Even though severe complications occurred, they were successfully managed. Repeated explantations should be treated cautiously as they seem to increase the complication rate considerably. Running Title: Explantation of SCS Paddle Electrodes Keywords: Complications, electrode explantation, electrode removal, paddle electrode, spinal cord stimulation
  • Jagdeo, Joanna (2020)
    Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin that is known to have poor prognosis. It is associated with the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and majority of cases harbor this infection. Other risk factors include older age, the male sex, Caucasian skin and increased ultraviolet exposure. Increased lymphocyte invasion into the MCC tumor microenvironment has been reported to infer better survival, but better mechanisms understanding why this occurs this is needed. CCL3 is a chemokine that is implicated in a variety of inflammatory conditions like viral infections and exhibits pro-inflammatory activity mainly through its chemoattractant abilities. In cancer specifically, it functions within the tumor microenvironment by encouraging the trafficking of leukocytes to the tumor site. Transcriptomic data of CCL3 was studied in a cohort of 102 Finnish MCC patients to observe its association with survival, and a variety of clinical-pathological features. The presence of CCL3 in cells was later investigated via immunohistochemistry in 30 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded Finnish MCC primary tumor tissue samples with varying mRNA expression of CCL3. Macrophages and lymphocytes were found to stain positively for CCL3 and were found exclusively in tumor surroundings. CCL3 was also found to exhibit a MCC-specific survival benefit in patients that harbored higher expression (p=0.031), and was found to be associated with MCPyV positivity (p=0.032). These preliminary findings help establish CCL3’s role in the immune response against MCC and support the need for further studies looking at CCL3 both as a prognostic marker and potential adjuvant therapeutic.
  • O’Shea, Mia (2021)
    Objectives. This study sought to investigate factors related to the elicitation of music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) in healthy aging to improve overall understanding of the phenomenon and to enhance the selection of optimal musical stimuli to be used for the neurological rehabilitation and care of elderly individuals. The characteristic contents of MEAMs of healthy older individuals were also explored. Methods. 113 healthy senior subjects (aged 60 – 86 years) listened to 70 preselected song excerpts and rated each on a 5-point Likert scale in five domains: valence, emotional intensity, arousal, familiarity and autobiographical salience. Correlational and linear mixed model analyses were conducted to discover the relationship between the rated variables. Eighty-one participants additionally chose to verbally describe their MEAMs in further detail. These submitted inserts (n = 2790) were manually categorized and labelled into non-mutually exclusive groups and sub-groups. Results and conclusions. The analyses revealed that all rating variables had statistically significant positive relationships with one another. Valence, emotional intensity, arousal and familiarity all had significant positive effects on the dependent variable autobiographical salience. Thus, in order to maximally evoke MEAMs in healthy elderly individuals, the chosen musical stimuli should be regarded by the listener as being pleasant, emotionally intense, physiologically arousing and familiar. The contents of elderly individuals’ MEAMs often involved music-related activity, such as singing, dancing or listening to music. They also frequently contained details of specific people or locations. Lastly, they often weren’t very temporally specific and memories from adolescence were more common than other life periods.
  • Suominen, Peppi Lotta Josefiina (2023)
    Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of antibody-secreting plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). MM is the second most common hematological malignancy, accounting for about 14% of blood cancers. Despite the improvements in the treatment of MM, the disease remains incurable, and essentially all patients end up relapsing. Deletion of chromosome 16q, the location of tumor suppressor CYLD, occurs in 35% of MM patients. CYLD is a deubiquitinase, most recognized for its function as a negative regulator of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. The loss of CYLD is associated with disease progression and worse survival in MM, but its significance in drug response is unknown. As the loss of CYLD is common in MM, determining its effect on drug response is essential. Analysis of data gained from MM patient samples were used to study the effect of CYLD copy number status on drug response. The treatments were selected based on previous research performed by our group. The effect of homozygous deletion was most significant in inducing resistance to BMS-754807, an inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. To investigate the role of loss of CYLD on drug response in vitro, cell lines with CYLD knockout (KO) were created using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) – CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology. An established CYLD-KO cell line was treated with carfilzomib, bortezomib, dexamethasone and BMS-754807 to assess the effect of CYLD-KO. The CYLD-KO slightly increased the sensitivity to BMS-754807, but essentially no differences were detected in response to the drugs. The effect of CYLD-KO was additionally explored to NF-κB - and Wnt-pathway activation by Western blot analysis, but due to technical difficulties, the results were inconclusive. The loss of CYLD is a common genetic aberration in MM, giving a survival benefit for the malignant cells. Based on the results from patient data analysis, the loss of CYLD could promote drug resistance to BMS-754807, and the effect should be further studied with more cell lines with CYLD-KO. As the population ages, and as the median age of newly diagnosed patients is 70, the need for efficient MM therapies increases. Studying the mechanisms behind drug resistance and sensitivity is essential in the aim of improving the efficacy of MM therapy and, in the end, the overall survival of the patients.
  • Nowlan, Kirsten Helene Anna-Marie (2020)
    Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a fairly recently described population of innate-like T cells. In humans, MAIT cells represent an exceptionally abundant population in the blood, where they account for 1–10% of all T cells. However, compared to conventional T cells, which can display an almost unlimited T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, the specificities of MAIT cell TCRs are limited. This evolutionarily conserved subset displays a semi-invariant TCR which recognises riboflavin metabolites, produced by a wide range of bacteria and fungi, and presented on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class I related (MR1) molecule. The function and significance of MAIT cells in health and disease have only started to be unravelled, and it is becoming increasingly clear that MAIT cells are also modulated in non-microbial diseases. Interestingly, MAIT cells have been shown to exhibit a relatively high expression of the transcription factor, Helios, compared to most other T cell subsets. The function of this translational activator and repressor, encoded by the gene IKZF2, in the MAIT cell population remains obscure. This study focused on the functional role Helios may play in regulating the activation of MAIT cells. Thus, by using siRNA to silence Helios expression, and flow cytometry to analyse any potential alterations in MAIT cell activation markers, we aimed to be able to characterise the kinetics and functional role of Helios in peripheral MAIT cells of healthy individuals. Here, we clearly established a striking upregulation of Helios in MAIT cells following 24 hours of stimulation. Moreover, we were able to achieve a >50% knockdown of Helios at the protein level, in this subset of T cells. Nevertheless, no significant difference in any of the activation markers we investigated was present between the MAIT cells with reduced Helios expression and their controls. This could, however, of occurred as a result of the toxicity that the transfection had on the functionally of the T cells. From these results, it is difficult to conclude any clear role for Helios in the activation of MAIT cells, and consequently, further research needs to be performed before any clear conclusions can be drawn.
  • Palo-oja, Peter (2018)
    Developmental dyslexia (DD) affects the accuracy and the fluency of reading without influencing the intelligence of an individual. Problems in phonological awareness (PA), the ability to manipulate the sound structure of words, has been proposed to be the key predictor of DD across languages. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used to investigate white matter (WM) structure in DD. The DTI research has concentrated mainly on fractional anisotropy (FA) values, that measure the integrity of WM, and volume of the WM tracts, but also on lateralization differences. Structural alterations have been reported in multiple WM tracts, but left arcuate fasciculus (AF) have most consistently been associated with problems in phonological processing. Also, individuals with DD have been reported to have less prominent leftward lateralization in AF, and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) compared to non-DD individuals. The participants consisted of 23 individuals with confirmed DD and 21 without DD. In this thesis the reading-related WM tracts were evaluated using deterministic tractography, and the goal was to 1) compare DD and non-DD participants in the FA and volume in reading circuitry, 2) study the associations between reading skills and FA and volume of the WM tracts, and 3) study the lateralization differences in FA and volume. The results of this thesis did not support the current view of the neuroanatomy of DD. Although groups did not differ in FA or in volume of the reading related WM tracts, the groups differed in the lateralization of the WM tracts. Both DD and non-DD participants manifested a rightward lateralization of WM volume in the AF, opposing the earlier findings. Furthermore, DD participants had a unique rightward lateralization of volume in uncinate fasciculus. Subthreshold results in correlations between reading skills and DTI indices also hint toward the heterogeneity found in the DTI research of DD, and do not confirm the role of the AF as the neural correlate of the phonological processing. It seems that no single abnormality in WM structure is responsible of DD. Rather, it seems that DD compiles a vast spectrum of symptoms, with possibly multiple trajectories, and individual compensatory mechanisms in adult samples.
  • Ehrnrooth, Ninja (2018)
    Allograft hud är kadaverhud som används som ett tillfälligt skydd på det brända och opererade hudområdet. Den tillfälliga allograften vaskulariseras i det rena sårbottnet inom några dagar och stöts bort efter 1-4 veckor. Förvaringen i glycerol dödar cellerna och har antibakteriella och antivirala egenskaper, men man vet inte om allografthudens immunogenicitet minskar om förvaringstiden i glycerol förlängs. Blodtransfusioner och användning av allograft hud är de vanligaste orsakerna till HLA-sensitisering hos brännskadepatienter. I denna avhandling utreder vi allograft hudens immunopositivitet med immunohistokemiska metoder, för att kunna förstå oss bättre på hud allograftens immunogenicitet. Vi vill utreda om lagringstiden i glycerol eller donatorns livslängd ändrar den glycerolförvarade allograftens immuniserande egenskaper. Vi analyserade fem Toll-lika receptorer (TLR2, 4, 5, 7 och 9) och cd45 receptorer i glycerolförvarad allograft hud för att se om det fanns ett samband mellan immunopositiviteten och förvaringstiden i glycerol och donatrons livslängd. Analysen gjordes för att kunna ge direktiv om förvaring och användning av glycerolförvarad allograft hud i hopp om att minska patientens immunisering. Vårt begränsade material minskade på möjligheterna att påvisa de samband, som var målsättningen för studien. Vi fann inte ett samband, men vi kunde se immunopositivitet i allograften, vilket tyder på att det finns proteiner i allograften som kan aktivera immunförsvaret.
  • Lindholm, Simon (2019)
    Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) är en immunsuppressiv ytreceptor på aktiverade mördar-T-celler. På de flesta av kroppens egna celler finns en ligand, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), som binder till PD-1, och inaktiverar mördar-T-cellerna. Detta är en viktig mekanism med vilken kroppen förhindrar autoimmunitet. Tumörceller kan undgå mördar-T-cellerna genom att uppreglera expressionen av PD-L1 på sin yta. I den här studien undersöks hur stor del av mjukvävnadssarkom som uttrycker PD-L1 på sin yta, och hur många fall som innehåller PD-1-aktiverade CD8-celler. Mjukvävnadssarkom omfattar under en procent av all cancer hos vuxna. Sammanlagt 1128 fall inkluderade i 13 TMA-block färgades immunohistokemiskt med PD-1 respektive PD-L1 antikroppar. Preparatens mikropskopbilder skannades och undersöktes i CaseViewer, ett program som stöder digital histopatologisk undersökning. Av de undersökta preparaten var PD-1 expressionen överlag låg, mest PD-1 uttrycktes bland synovialsarkomen. Expressionen av PD-L1 var varierande, den högsta expressionen hade myxofibrosarkomen (53,2%). Idag finns det ännu inte någon specifik vård för sarkom, vården består av kirurgisk excision, strålbehandling och kemoterapi. Då patientens vård planeras är det essentiellt att veta ifall tumörcellerna uttrycker PD-L1, i vilka fall patienten kan vara passande för immunoterapi med PD-L1 antikroppar. Antikropparna binder till PD-1, utan att inaktivera CD8-cellen, vilket möjliggör dess immunologiska funktion och förstörelse av tumörcellen. Patienter vars tumörceller uttrycker PD-L1 har en bättre prognos med immunoterapi.
  • Speeti, Maria (2021)
    The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) impairing the development of T cell tolerance, is characterized by damage towards multiple endocrine and cutaneous tissues, driven by autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies. Furthermore, neutralizing autoantibodies towards type I interferons (IFNs), which are thought to be crucial in the immune modulating function of the skin, are found in practically all APECED patients. Although the expression and role of thymic AIRE have been widely studied, the extra-thymic role of AIRE remains unclear. Previous studies suggest that AIRE is expressed in skin keratinocytes in association with cytokeratin K17 and that AIRE-expressing skin tissue cultivations can thymus-independently facilitate the formation of functional self-tolerant T cells highlighting the importance of skin for immune tolerance. The goal of this research was to study the co-expression of AIRE and K17 or IFNα2 in cultivated primary keratinocytes from healthy individuals and in HaCaT cells through immunohistochemistry to better understand the role of cutaneous AIRE. The results show that AIRE is indeed co-expressed in human keratinocytes where it contributes in a yet unknown manner to the function of these cells.
  • Lähde, Marianne; Heino, Sarika; Högström, Jenny; Kaijalainen, Seppo; Anisimov, Andrey; Flanagan, Dustin; Kallio, Pauliina; Leppänen, Veli-Matti; Ristimäki, Ari; Ritvos, Olli; Wu, Katherine; Tammela, Tuomas; Hodder, Michael; Sansom, Owen; Alitalo, Kari (2020)
    Suolistosyövät ovat läntisen maailman kolmanneksi yleisimpiä syöpiä. Alati kehittyvistä hoitomuodoista huolimatta edelleenkin joka kolmas suolistosyövistä leviää muihin elimiin, ja merkittävä osa potilaista menehtyy. Yleisesti tiedetään, että syöpäsolut vaativat jakautuakseen useita erilaisia mutaatioita, joiden ansiosta ne pääsevät karkaamaan elimistön kontrollista. Suolistosyövissä tyypillinen mutaatio on solunsisäistä Wnt-signalointireittiä säätelevässä APC-geenissä. APC:n periytyvä mutaatio aiheuttaa Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)-nimisen sairauden, jossa potilaan suolistoon kehittyy jopa satoja adenoomia. Nämä etenevät hoitamattomana syöväksi lähes 100% todennäköisyydellä. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää tarkemmin suolistosyövän kantasolujen ja niitä säätelevien, Wnt-signalointia vahvistavien kasvutekijöiden, R-spondiinien (RSPO), toimintaa, erityisesti kasvainten kehityksen alkuvaiheissa. Tätä tarkoitusta varten tuotettiin AAV-vektori, jonka avulla voitiin käynnistää systeeminen R-spondiinituotanto suolistosyövän Apc-mutantissa hiirimallissa. R-spondiinien tiedetään edistävän suoliston terveiden kantasolujen toimintaa, ja niiden on ajateltu olevan merkittävässä roolissa myös suolistosyöpien kehityksessä. AAV-RSPO1-vektori aikaansaikin villityypin hiirissä odotetusti suolen kantasolujen toiminnan kiihtymisen. Kuitenkin hiiren suolistokasvaimissa vaikutus oli päinvastainen; RSPO1-käsittely hidasti ApcMin-hiirten adenoomien kasvua, kiihdytti apoptoosia spesifisti adenoomasoluissa sekä pidensi kasvaimista kärsivien hiirten elinikää verrokkeihin nähden merkittävästi. Mekanistisissa tutkimuksissa kävi ilmi, että AAV-RSPO1-käsittely aktivoi TGFB-signalointireitin, jonka tiedetään aktivoivan solunsisäistä apoptoosikoneistoa yksinomaan kasvainsoluissa, ja siten rajoittavan niiden kasvua. Tämän seurauksena suolen terveet solut saavuttivat kilpailuedun kasvainsoluihin nähden, ja syrjäyttivät kasvainsoluja, jolloin adenoomista päästiin eroon lähes kokonaan. Näiden löydösten perusteella voisikin olla mahdollista kehittää uusia hoitomuotoja suolistosyöpiin, erityisesti FAP:tä sairastaville potilaille.
  • Saarinen, Mirjam (2018)
    Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, CTCL, are a diverse group of non-Hodgking lymphomas that are characterized by malignant T-lymphocytes migrating to the skin. This heterogenous group of diseases may vary from the slowly progressive Mycosis fungoides to the rapidly progressing and aggressive Sezary syndrome. Since the pathomecanism of CTCL is poorly understood, there is no effective treatment for CTCL so far. Human endogenous retroviruses, HERVs, are sequences in our genome, integrated by ancient viruses. Due to insertion into our germline, these gene sequences have become a permanent part of our heredity and are therefore a tempting subject of research. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of not only the HERV encoded protein syncytin-1 itself, but also its receptors ASCT1 and ASCT2 in different cell-lines of CTCL. For comparison I used ordinary placental cells, where syncytin-1 functions as a part of the normal physiology. Besides, HERV expression has earlier been found to be involved in different pathomechanism of ours, for example the mechanisms behind T-cell leukemia and Multiple sclerosis. In this study, I used cultured CTCL cell lines Mac-1, Mac-2, MyLa and Jurkat. By using immunocytochemistry and western blot I studied the localization and relative amount of expression of the proteins of interest and found the ASCT2 receptor to be expressed in every cell line investigated while ASCT1 and syncytin-1 expression was lower. This study was the first one to show the expression of syncytin-1 receptors in CTCL. Simultaneously the results strengthens the theory of syncytin-1 being involved in the pathomechanism of CTCL and not impossibly of other malignancies as well. Hence, this study offers a new perspective to the development of CTCL treatment.
  • Ainetdin, Aydil (2019)
    Research of RNF43, which is part of the WNT signaling pathway, has been done primarily in relation to cancer research, but mutations in this gene have recently been detected in some families with severe tooth agenesis. It has been proven that WNT signaling has an important role in regulation of tooth development, but RNF43 has earlier not been investigated in a dental context. Mouse and human genome are very homologous and the tooth development is remarkably similar. In this research with RNAScope, a specific in situ mRNA detection method, we show that Rnf43, as well as the homologous gene Znrf3, are expressed in the molar tooth germs and continual dental lamina of E12.5-E16.5 (E=embryonic day) mice embryos. We found out that Rnf43 is expressed in the epithelial parts and Znrf3 both in the epithelium and the mesenchyme of the developing tooth in every developmental stage from placode to early bell. This evidence supports the hypothesis that Rnf43 and Znrf3 have a role in murine tooth development, that these genes are expressed at every developmentally important stage of murine tooth development and also that these genes could be involved in tooth agenesis.
  • Elomaa, Timo (2018)
    Objective: There are few studies on the effect of Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) therapy on eye symptoms in sleep apnea patients and the conclusions of these studies are inconsistent. We evaluated by questionnaire, possible changes in eye symptoms with PAP therapy. Methods: Consecutive sleep apnea patients referred for PAP initiation were asked about their eye symptoms at baseline, four days and two months of PAP therapy. We used a Visual Analog Scale. Zero value means no symptoms, whereas a value of 100 indicates severe eye dryness or severe eye watering. During a PAP preparation session, a sleep nurse tried to choose the most suitable mask interface for a good mask seal and to avoid eventual air leak toward the eyes. Results: We included 46 patients (14 women) with a mean age 56.0 ± 15.9, BMI 31.7 ± 6.0, apnea and hypopnea index 34.1 ± 21.8. No significant changes in dry eye symptom values at baseline (27.5 ± 26.6) compared to four days (28.7 ± 26.0) or two months (30.0 ± 28.2) of PAP therapy were observed. Eye watering values also showed absence of significant changes with PAP therapy. Five patients discontinued PAP therapy within two months; dry eye symptom and watering values at baseline in these patients did not differ from those who continued. Conclusions: When assuring a good individual PAP mask interface adjustment, short-term PAP therapy did not increase eye symptoms in sleep apnea patients. Patients who discontinued PAP had the same eye symptom values as those who continued beyond two months.