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Browsing by master's degree program "Master's Programme in Logopedics"

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  • Harmaja, Reetta (2021)
    Assessing children’s early communication skills is important for preventing possible later language difficulties. The Finnish version of Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales, Developmental Profile (FinCSBS) is a screening tool in which parents assess their 6-24 months old child’s development in social communication, understanding and speech. Earlier studies have found connections between early communication skills and later language development. However, these language tests have been limited. The aim of this study was to examine the usability of FinCSBS for assessing 2-year-old children and the possible associations of their early communication skills with receptive and expressive language, naming and the use of inflectional forms at 3,5 years of age. This study sample is part of the validation study of the short form version of the MacArthur Communication Inventories Finnish version (Sanaseula study). Participants (N=50) were typically developed children from monolingual Finnish families. Parents filled out the FinCSBS checklist when their children were 2 years old. The same children were assessed again at 3,5 years of age with different tests (Reynell Developmental Language Scales III, Boston Naming Test and Finnish Morfological Test). Associations between early communications skills and later language skills were studied by using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and logistical regression analysis. The stability of skills was examined by comparing whether there were differencies in later language skills between those who had succeeded poorly, typically or well earlier in FinCSBS. There were no correlations between the total scores of FinCSBS at 2 years of age and language skills year and a half later. However, this study shows a trend that the level of competence is a rather stable quality so that weak early communications skills will manifest later on as weak language skills. In this study, early understanding did correlate with a later ability to use inflectional forms. It is recommended to use FinCSBS with typically developing children earlier than at 2 years of age when the prelinguistic period is ending and most children will get high scores in the assessment.
  • Toivanen, Salla (2021)
    Objectives. The aim of this study was to describe, in a single and consecutive way, self-repairs of bilingual children in a play situation and to investigate their possible differences between groups. The aim was to increase information on how and what kind of corrections children at different levels of language do, and how the level of language management affects the quality of self-corrections in Finnish. The research questions were what kind of corrections children make, how they start self-repairing and where the repairs are directed. It was also examined whether the groups differed and, if so, how. Methods. A total of 30 were supported, of whom 15 were monolingual and 15 consecutive bilingual children. The L2 language of all children was Finnish and the linguistic development of all the researchers was typical. The study methods were observation and analysis of literates. The data was analyzed both qualitatively and statistically. Elan annotation programme and SPSS statistics programme were used to analyze the data. Results and reflection. Monolingual children produced more self-repairs than bilingual children. Compared to the total number, the share of self-corrections for bilingual children was slightly higher than that of monolingual children. Both monolingual and bilingual children did the most self-repairs by searching for the next word. In the group of monolingual children, the biggest remedy was speech interruptions, while for bilinguals the largest group were different sounds. Self-repairs by both groups most often targeted the sledge hams. The results are partly in line with previous research data. However, previous studies have found that novice bilingual children prefer repetition in their self-repairs. In this study, on the other hand, monolingual children took more initiatives by repeating bilingual control.
  • Lindell, Helena; Lindell, Helena (2024)
    Eläinsanasujuvuustehtävää käytetään yleisesti kliinisissä neuropsykologisissa ja puhetera-peuttisissa tutkimuksissa lasten kielellisten ja toiminnanohjauksen taitojen arviointiin. Tehtä-vässä mitataan yleensä hyväksytysti tuotettujen sanojen ja virheiden määrää. Käytetyistä kognitiivisista prosesseista saadaan kuitenkin enemmän tietoa, kun tarkastellaan myös sa-nanhakustrategioiden käyttöä eli sitä, miten lapset kykenevät muodostamaan peräkkäin tuotet-tujen samaan semanttiseen alakategoriaan kuuluvien tai äänteellisesti samankaltaisten sano-jen klustereita ja vaihtamaan tehokkaasti alakategoriasta toiseen. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa yksikielisten lasten klusterointi- ja vaihtoprosesseista semanttisessa sanasujuvuustehtävässä on saatu ristiriitaisia tuloksia, ja monikielisten lasten sananhakustrategioiden käytöstä on saa-tavilla vain vähän tutkimustietoa. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia sananhakustrategi-oiden käytön suhdetta tuotettujen sanojen kokonaissanamäärään sekä selvittää mahdollisia eroja yksi- ja monikielisten lasten sananhakustrategioiden ja alakategorioiden käytössä eläin-sanasujuvuustehtävässä. Lisäksi tutkittiin, oliko tutkittavien sukupuolella yhteyttä suorituksiin. Tutkittavana oli 26 monikielistä ja 28 yksikielistä 6–8-vuotiasta lasta, jotka olivat suorittaneet eläinsanasujuvuustehtävän osana laajempaa kielellisten taitojen arviointia. Tehtävässä lapsia pyydettiin tuottamaan mahdollisimman monta eläinsanaa yhden minuutin aikana. Kunkin tutkit-tavan tuottamasta sanalistasta laskettiin kokonaissanamäärän lisäksi klustereiden keskimää-räinen koko, klustereiden ja vaihtojen absoluuttinen ja kokonaistuotokseen suhteutettu määrä sekä alakategorioiden määrä. Lisäksi alakategorioita tarkasteltiin laadullisesti. Monikieliset lapset tuottivat tehtävässä huomattavasti vähemmän sanoja ja käyttivät vähem-män erilaisia alakategorioita kuin yksikieliset lapset. Ryhmien välillä ei ollut eroa semanttisten klustereiden keskimääräisessä koossa, mutta monikieliset lapset tuottivat semanttisia kluste-reita selvästi yksikielisiä lapsia vähemmän. Kokonaistuotokseen suhteutettuna vaihtojen mää-rässä ei ryhmien välillä ollut eroa. Molemmissa ryhmissä klustereiden ja vaihtojen määrä kor-reloi positiivisesti kokonaissanamäärän kanssa, mutta klustereiden koolla ei ollut yhteyttä ko-konaissanamäärään. Näin ollen monikielisten lasten yksikielisiä heikompi kokonaissuoritus näyttää liittyvän tuotettujen semanttisten klustereiden vähäisyyteen ja siihen, että heillä on käytössään vähemmän alakategorioita kuin yksikielisillä lapsilla. Sukupuolen ja tehtävässä suoriutumisen välillä ei havaittu merkittävää yhteyttä.
  • Markkinen, Eeva (2021)
    Aims of the study. Actors, singers and other professional voice users are at a high risk of experiencing voice problems during their careers. The biggest reasons for this are heavy vocal load and the voice user’s internal and external factors. Voice professionals’ voice problems are common, even though the awareness of vocal health and the knowledge and the use of voice care are good. This study aims to map self-reported voice problems and the occupation-spesific special features of voice use in adult voice actors working in Finland. The aim of the survey was to find out what kinds of vocal symptoms exist and how they affect the voice actors’ psycho-social well-being. Moreover the prevalence of risk factors and their connection to voice symptoms was searched. Voice actors’ voice care was also mapped. The aim of this study is to create new knowledge of an unresearched occupation. Methods. The research material was collected using an electronic survey. The survey was created for this research. The survey consisted of research-spesific sections and included both validated sections that had been translated to Finnish (Screen11 and Voice Handicap Index) and sections that were created for this research. In the survey there were both open and closed questions. 24 voice actors answered the questionnaire. The analysis of the research material was done with SPSS. In the qualitative analysis the questions were typificated, compiled to statistics and example answers were chosen. The statistic analysis was used to find out the prevalence of certain phenomena. Saphiro-Wilk normality test was conducted and on basis of the results correlations and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U -test were chosen over parametric tests. These tests aimed to find out the connections of dependent and independent variables. Results and conclusions. The participating voice actors didn’t report having voice problems within the 12 month period under consideration. Thus voice problems didn’t affect the participants’ experince of psycho-social competence. Other questions, however, revealed a prevalence of 79,2% voice problems. There was no connection of risk factors, such as using demanding voice qualities, to vocal symptoms or the psycho-social experince. Voice actors had searched for and had reseived help from professionals, such as phoniatrists and speech therapists. The experiences of the benefits varied. Nearly all given voice care means were in use. Because the research material was limited and the survey would need some adjustment, more research is needed. This research offers some guidelines in the study of voice actors’ voice problems, but on basis of this research conclusions or generalisations of the prevalence of voice problems or risk factors can’t be made.
  • Firon, Csilla (2019)
    Tavoitteet. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tarkastella uudenlaisen afasian kuntoutukseen suunnatun kuorolauluintervention subjektiivisesti koettua hyötyä. Interventio oli osa Helsingin yliopiston Kognitiivisen aivotutkimuksen yksikön Laulun sanoin -hanketta ja se koostui kuorolaulusta, ryhmämuotoisesta MIT (melodinen intonaatioterapia) -kuntoutuksesta sekä laulun harjoittelusta tablettitietokoneella. Interventioon osallistui afasiaa sairastavia henkilöitä sekä heidän läheisiään. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa on havaittu, että musiikilla ja laululla voi olla kuntoutuksellisia vaikutuksia muun muassa kielellisiin toimintoihin. Afasian kuntoutuksessa on eniten tutkittu MIT-menetelmää, mutta myös uusia musiikkia sisältäviä kuntoutusmuotoja kehitetään aktiivisesti. Subjektiivisesti koettua kuntoutuksesta saatua hyötyä ei ole afasian osalta erityisesti tutkittu, vaikka oman kokemuksen tiedetään vaikuttavan kuntoutuk- sen lopputulokseen. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, minkälainen subjektiivinen arvio afaattisilla henkilöillä ja heidän läheisillään oli interventiosta. Lisäksi tarkastellaan, oliko afasian vaikeusasteella, harjoittelumäärällä tai demografisilla tai kliinisillä taustatiedoilla yhteyttä koettuun hyötyyn sekä erosivatko afaattisten henkilöiden ja läheisten kokemukset toisistaan. Menetelmät. Aineiston muodosti osallistujien intervention jälkeen täyttämät kyselylomakkeet subjektiivisista kokemuksista, interventiojakson aikana toteutuneet harjoittelumäärät sekä osallistujien demografiset ja kliiniset taustatiedot. Kyselylomakkeeseen vastasi 23 afaattista henkilöä sekä 11 läheistä. Aineistoa analysoitiin tilastollisesti Friedmanin testillä, Mann–Whitney U-testillä, Spearmanin järjestyskorrelaatioanalyysilla, Wilcoxonin merkittyjen sijalukujen testillä sekä yhden otoksen t-testillä. Avointen kysymysten vastauksia analysoitiin tyypittelemällä vastauksia teemoittain ja laskemalla esiintymisfrekvenssejä. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Afaattiset henkilöt kokivat intervention hyödylliseksi ja myös läheiset kokivat, että interventio oli afaattisille henkilöille hyödyllinen. Afaattisten henkilöiden ja läheisten kokemukset intervention hyödyllisyydestä eivät eronneet toisistaan, eikä harjoittelumäärän, kliinisten tai musiikillisten taustatietojen ja koetun hyödyn välillä havaittu tilastollisesti merkitsevää yhteyttä. Erityisesti mielialan kohoaminen, uusiin ihmisiin tutustuminen ja vertaistuen saaminen nousivat esiin kvalitatiivisissa vastauksissa. Näiden tulosten perusteella voidaan ehdottaa, että ryhmämuotoinen kuoro- laulukuntoutus, jossa on MIT:n elementtejä, vaikuttaa positiivisesti afaattisten henkilöiden mielialaan, sekä heidän itse arvioimana että läheisten arvioimana. Interventiosta voi jatkotutkimuksen avulla ke-hittää afasian ryhmämuotoisen laulukuntoutusmuodon.
  • Jussila, Anu (2020)
    Background. Aphasia is a linguistic disorder that occurs after language acquisition and is most commonly caused by stroke. Research on novel word acquisition can contribute to the development of aphasia rehabilitation because it helps understand the relearning of words lost due to aphasia. Novel word acquisition has been researched mainly in chronic aphasia, in which learning is possible but shows large individual variation. There is initial evidence that novel word learning is also possible in non-chronic aphasia. Aims. The objective of this thesis is to study recovery and novel word learning in the subacute and chronic stages of aphasia. The thesis will also look into possible connections between learning in subacute aphasia and learning in chronic aphasia. These connections have not been previously explored. Methods. The multiple case study included four aphasic participants who were examined 0–3 months after stroke and again 12 months after stroke. The examination consisted of cognitive-linguistic background tests, questionnaires and a computer-based novel word learning task. In the latter, the participant was tasked with learning the associations between given pseudo-words and images through feedback and repetition. Research data was analyzed case by case. Results and conclusions. Recovery and novel word learning in subacute and chronic aphasia varied among the participants. In both stages, some participants learned new vocabulary and were able to transfer it into their long-term memory. The changes in novel word learning from subacute to chronic aphasia also varied among the subjects. These changes were not systematically connected with the severity of the participants’ aphasia, their baseline learning ability or an alleviation of cognitive-linguistic symptoms. Learning ability in subacute aphasia does therefore not always appear to predict learning ability in chronic aphasia, but novel word learning is possible in both subacute and chronic aphasia. Aphasia recovery shows considerable individual variation.
  • Illi, Anniina (2021)
    Background and objectives. There is still little research about the screen time of parents, and it is also partly contradictory. Also, there aren’t any previous studies about the relationship between the screen time of the mother and the child’s performance in linguistic tests. Previ-ous studies have shown that the screen time of the mother decreases the interaction be-tween the mother and the child, which could also affect the language development of the child. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the quantity and quality of the screen time of the mother and the linguistic skills (receptive/expressive) of their 3- to 4-year-old child. This thesis was done as part of the LEINIKKI-study. Participants and methods. The participants were 49 (25 girls and 24 boys) 3- to 4-year-old, neurotypical, Finnish-speaking children, and their mothers. The language skills of the chil-dren were examined using the Finnish version of the Reynell Developmental Language Scales III and the LEINIKKI-method. The quantity and the quality of the mother’s screen time were assessed using the screen time questionnaire. The data was analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results and conclusions. There was no statistically significant relationship between the quantity of the mother’s screen time and the linguistic skills of the child. However, a statisti-cally significant result concerning the quality of the screen time was found: The children whose mothers had four hours or more of work-related screen time on a weekday managed weaker in the LEINIKKI-method than those whose mothers had less than four hours of work-related screen time. The results of this master’s thesis give us precursory information about the negative relationship between heavy screen time of the mother and the development of the child’s linguistic skills. Future research would be important because of the lack of re-search in this subject matter.
  • Lahti, Anni (2020)
    Objectives. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiological developmental disorder that involves challenges in social interaction and restricted/repetitive behaviors. Since generalization and maintenance of acquired skills is essential in the rehabilitation of ASD, it is important to integrate interventions into the home environment by parental guidance. There has been some research on the rehabilitation of children with ASD in Finland, but no research has been conducted on the guidance of parents from the perspective of speech therapist. The purpose of this study is to find out the views of parental guidance from speech therapists who rehabilitate children with ASD. Interviews with speech therapists will clarify the ways in which parents of children with ASD are guided through speech therapy and the challenges and contributing factors in parental guidance. Methods.The research method was a semi-structured interview. Five speech pathologists with experience in the rehabilitation of ASD were interviewed. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The data was analyzed by content analysis. Results and conclusion. Parental guidance of children with ASD was divided into information sharing, interaction & discussion and direct guidance. The challenges were parental strain, parent attitude and in some cases multiculturalism. Contributing factors appeared in training practices and home conditions. Challenges and benefits were influenced by the individuality of families. Speech therapists hoped for more opportunities to arrange separate parental guidance sessions so that they would be able to discuss deeper about the methods and family situation without the child’s presence. Speech therapists considered parental guidance important in the rehabilitation of children with ASD because, with the guidance of parents it helped to increase skills in everyday life and guaranteed training intensity. As parental strain was identified as a challenge in this study, it would be important to explore how they could be more effectively supported during rehabilitation. In addition, it could be explored whether separate parental guidance sessions should be increased or whether the number of parental guidance sessions has been adapted through the development of new working practices.
  • Jokela, Katri (2021)
    Aim. Compared to spoken conversations, achieving mutual understanding may be more at risk when one or more participants use aided communication. An aided communicator may take a passive role in conversations and may not have adequate strategies to repair conversational breakdowns when they occur. The aim of this study was to describe how an aided communicator may attempt to solve the problems he encounters in conversations with his speaking communication partners. Aided communicator’s repair strategies, causes of breakdowns and partners’ influence on repair phenomena were studied. This study may help professionals to acknowledge the threats that compromise achieving mutual understanding in aided conversations and recognize some of the strategies in overcoming potential communication disrupts. Method. Within the framework of data driven qualitative analysis this case study examined videotaped conversations, where an 11-year-old boy using communication book communicated with his mom, teacher and peer. The data was originally videotaped as a part of the international research project Becoming an Aided Communicator. Data driven analysis was considered as an appropriate method for studying a topic with limited previous research. Results and conclusion. Almost all of the aided communicator’s repairs were self-initiated self-repairs and the rest were other-initiated self-repairs. The former occurred mostly as responses to the partner’s misinterpretations and operational difficulties while the latter followed requests for clarifications. Aided communicator repaired by repeating or modifying his utterances or by adding new elements to the original utterance. For repairs he utilized nonverbal modalities: gaze, gestures and actions. In some exchanges, he changed modality. Reasons for the misinterpretations and requests for clarifications emerged from the linguistic limitations of the graphic communication system and partner’s difficulty in understanding the aided communicator’s nonverbal communicative acts. Operational challenges seemed to be related to partner’s experience with using communication aids that affected the fluency of communication. Partners’ varying familiarity with aided communication seemed to affect the need to repair and the effectivity of repair. In addition, the shared competence of the dyad influenced achieving mutual understanding. For the best results of support and guidance, speech and language therapists should emphasize finding out the communicator’s individual strategies in repair as well as effective practices to use a communication book. This could be implemented by video-based observations.
  • Karhu, Elisa (2021)
    Objectives. Prematurely born (<37 gestational weeks) children are at increased risk for difficulties in language development and literacy skills, including pre-reading skills, reading and writing. Previous studies investigating full-term populations suggest that language skills are strongly correlated with reading acquisition. This connection is not widely studied in preterm sample and the findings of previous investigations have incongruity. The aim of this study is to examine the language development and literacy skills of children born extremely preterm (ELGA, born <28 gestational weeks) and/or with extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight <1000 grams) at seven years of age. This thesis also investigates the possible association between language abilities and literacy skills in the sample of preterm children and a full-term born comparison group (born >37 gestational weeks). This study is part of the multidisciplinary cohort study of prematurely born children called PIPARI (the Development and Functioning of Very Low Birth Weight Infants from Infancy to School Age). Methods. The sample of this Master´s thesis includes 63 ELGA/ELBW children and 107 full-term born children who participated in the PIPARI study and were living in monolingual Finnish-speaking families. The language skills were assessed using the Five to Fifteen parent questionnaire (subdomains Comprehension, Expressive language skills, Verbal Communication) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Pre-reading and reading skills were measured with the Jyväskylä First Steps study test material (phonological awareness, letter knowledge, rapid automized naming, single word reading, single word writing) and with the Five to Fifteen parent questionnaire (subdomains Reading and writing, General learning). Results and conclusion. The language and literacy skills at seven years of age were statistically significantly weaker in children born ELGA/ELBW when compared to the full-term controls. The Five to Fifteen questionnaire subdomain Verbal communication was the only skill that did not differ significantly between the groups. There was a clear and significant association between language and literacy skills with both preterm and full-term groups. In the preterm group the connection between language and literacy skills were stronger and appeared wider among the different language components. The results of this study support the previous findings that preterm children have an elevated risk for difficulties in language and literacy skills. In addition, this study provides further evidence for the associations between language abilities and literacy skills in school age in children born ELGA/ELBW. It is important that preterm children get the appropriate developmental follow-ups and support still at school age.
  • Heinonen, Linda (2024)
    Tavoitteet ja tausta. Tässä maisterintutkielmassa kuvataan afasian saaneiden henkilöiden kertovan puheen itsekorjauksia ja korjaamattomia ongelmajaksoja sekä sitä, onko puheen niillä yhteyttä uuden sanaston oppimisen kykyyn afasian subakuutissa vaiheessa, kun aivoverenkiertohäiriöstä on kulunut 0–3 kuukautta. Afasia on tavallinen aivoverenkiertohäiriön jälkitila, joka ilmenee vaikeutena ymmärtää ja tuottaa puhuttua tai kirjoitettua kieltä. Afasian saaneiden henkilöiden kyky oppia uusia sanoja on vaihtelevaa, mutta kroonisestikin afaattiset henkilöt pystyvät oppimaan uutta sanastoa. Puheen itsekorjaukset ovat puheenvuorojen hetkiä, joissa puhuja keskeyttää lausumansa ja muotoilee sen uudelleen. Alustavien tutkimusten perusteella afaattisen henkilön kyvyn monitoroida ja korjata omaa puhettaan on huomattu olevan yhteydessä kielelliseen toipumiseen. Tutkimusaihe on logopedisesti arvokas, sillä mikäli afasian saaneiden henkilöiden itsekorjauksilla ja uusien sanojen oppimiskyvyllä on yhteys, ne kannattaisi nostaa osaksi logopedistä afasian arviointia. Tutkittavat ja menetelmät. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat 10 eriasteisesti afaattisen tutkittavan kertovan puheen näytteet sekä sanaston oppimiskokeen tulokset. Tutkittavat osallistuivat Helsingin yliopiston Opi sanoja -hankkeen tutkimukseen 0–3 kuukauden jälkeen sairastumisestaan. Oppimisaineisto kerättiin tietokoneavusteisella oppimistehtävällä, jossa tutkittavien tavoitteena oli oppia uusien sanojen ja piirroskuvien välinen assosiaatio. Itsekorjausaineisto koottiin tutkittavien puhenäytteistä kuvakerrontatehtävästä sekä sairastumiskertomuksesta. Näytteistä tehtiin keskustelunanalyyttiset notaatiot ja itsekorjauksia tarkasteltiin laadullisesti ja määrällisesti. Korjausten sekä korjaamattomien jaksojen yhteyttä oppimisen tuloksiin analysoitiin ryhmätasolla. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Tutkimustulosten perusteella afasian vaikeusaste on yhteydessä itsekorjausten esiintyvyyteen puheessa, mutta osuuksissa on yksilöllistä vaihtelua. Vaikeimmin afaattinen tutkittava tuotti kerronnassaan eniten itsekorjauksia ja korjaamattomia jaksoja, kun taas neljän lievemmin afaattista tutkittavan puhe ei sisältänyt ollenkaan korjaamattomia jaksoja. Tavallisin itsekorjaustyyppi oli sanan uudelleenmuotoilu, ja myös sanan keskeytys, epäröintiäänne, korjauspartikkeli sekä tauko olivat tavallisia korjauksen ja sanahaun keinoja. Neljä kymmenestä tutkittavasti osoitti kykyä oppia pitkäkestoisesti uutta sanastoa. Tilastollisesti merkitsevää yhteyttä sanaston oppimiskyvyn ja puheen itsekorjausten tai korjaamattomien ongelmajaksojen välillä ei tässä tutkimuksessa löytynyt.
  • Kriikkula, Alexandra (2021)
    Aims. There is an increasing number of multilingual children in the workloads of Finnish speech language pathologists. Yet there is little research on the typical and untypical language development of multilingual children. PAULA small group intervention has been developed to support the language development of multilingual children in a daycare setting. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the small group language intervention affects the Finnish language development of multilingual children and how background factors, such as the exposure to the Finnish language, affect the development of the study and control groups. Method. Subjects included 60 typically developing multilingual children, 34 in the study group and 26 in the control group. Subjects were 4 years old at the beginning of the study and the assessment was repeated 3 times within a year. Finnish language was measured with a vocabulary score calculated from Fonologiatesti (Kunnari, Savinainen-Makkonen & Saaristo-Helin 2012) and with a form filled out by the daycare staff. The data was analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The difference between the study and control groups was analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA, Friedman test, and Mann–Whitney U test. The effect of background factors on the vocabulary scores was analyzed with linear regression, and the effect of background factors on the assessment by the daycare staff was analyzed with Spearman’s correlation coefficient and Kruskal–Wallis test. In addition, the background factors affecting the vocabulary score at the start of the study were analyzed with linear regression. Results and conclusion. The vocabulary scores of the intervention group improved more during the intervention compared to the control group, but the effect wasn’t observed in the follow-up measurement. PAULA small group intervention can support the lexical development of multilingual children, but more research is needed to confirm the findings. Being in the study group was positively associated with the change in vocabulary scores while the months spent in a Finnish language daycare were negatively associated. The months spent in daycare and the exposure to Finnish were positively associated with the vocabulary score at the beginning of the study. The children who at the beginning of the study had spent longer in daycare and had more exposure to Finnish are likely to have bigger vocabularies at the start and therefore improve less during the intervention. The children who had the least exposure to Finnish improved the most during the intervention. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the daycare assessments. In the study group exposure to Finnish was positively associated with the change in the daycare assessments. In the control group, no background factors had a significant connection to the daycare assessments.
  • Airaksinen, Aino (2020)
    In recent years the number of people from foreign backgrounds in Finland has increased considerably. Consequently, more and more children who are learning Finnish as their second language are met in Finnish day-care centers and schools. In order to attain adequate language proficiency before school-age, early support for sequential multilingual children’s L2 acquisition has been considered important. There have been some promising results from research concerning small-group interventions that have aimed to promote the L2 acquisition of children below school age. Nevertheless, further research is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a small-group intervention on the expressive vocabulary development of children learning Finnish as their second language. Both single word naming skills and lexical diversity were examined. Lexical diversity was examined separately for the whole lexicon and for verbs. This study used the data from the PAULA research project. The sample of this study consisted of 32 sequential multilingual 4-year-old children. Half of the children (n=16) belonged to a study group and the other half (n=16) to a control group. The children’s Finnish language skills were assessed three times within a year (at pre- and post-intervention and at follow-up). Between the pre- and post-intervention assessments the study group participated in a small-group intervention (PAULA-intervention) for six months. The control group attended Finnish daycare but did not receive the intervention. The follow-up assessment was performed four months post-intervention. The ability to name single words was assessed in a picture naming task and in two short play situations with an examiner. Lexical diversity was examined by calculating the number of different words and Guiraud’s indexes in spontaneous speech data consisting of a play situation and a story-telling task. The differences between the study and control groups’ vocabulary development were analyzed by using repeated-measures variance analysis. The results showed that the children’s ability to name single words and their lexical diversity in spontaneous speech increased in both groups during the follow-up period. However, a statistically significant difference between groups appeared only for single word naming; vocabulary growth was faster in the study group between pre- and post-intervention assessments. Together with earlier studies from the PAULA research project, this study gives preliminary evidence about the efficacy of the PAULA-intervention. Although the inter-group differences have been relatively small, the results encourage continued implementation of the PAULA-intervention or other small-group interventions in day-care centers to enhance sequential multilingual children’s second language acquisition.
  • Holopainen, Jonna (2021)
    Aphasia is a linguistic-cognitive disorder that impedes the understanding and production of speech and is often accompanied by disorders in non-linguistic cognitive functioning, such as working memory (WM). WM has a key role in supporting on-going linguistic processing. Earlier research shows that the impairments caused by aphasia can be alleviated with speech therapy but it is still unclear which amount of therapy is most effective, at which stage of the illness and with which intensity. Some research suggests that greater amount of therapy within a shorter time span yields greater outcome. However, research findings on the matter are difficult to synthesize as the definition of ‘intensity’ varies across studies. Language Enrichment Therapy (LET) is a systemic and developmental therapy programme for aphasia rehabilitation. LET aims to restore linguistic-cognitive functioning. LET also enables rehabilitation of working memory with “brain-jogging”. As there is hardly any prior research on the LET system, the aim of this thesis is to investigate its effectiveness as an intensive aphasia therapy programme and the role of working memory in rehabilitation and, further, to identify possible background factors predicting rehabilitation outcome. The data for this thesis was collected for a research project between 1987 and 2010. The data consists of 24 persons with aphasia (PWA) who suffered a first-time stroke and whose time post-onset at baseline was 2 to 8 months. Linguistic functioning was assessed six times within the research frame with Tsvetkova’s Speech Dynamics Test, Western Aphasia Battery and the Token test. The data was analysed statistically using Friedman’s test to analyse the change in understanding and producing speech, linear regression to analyse possible factors predicting outcome and linear correlation to analyse the connection between working memory and rehabilitation outcome. The findings show that intensive rehabilitation with the LET system improves the understanding and production of speech with PWA. LET is the most effective in ameliorating speech understanding for those PWA with greater impairment and lesser time post-onset. No factors predicting the outcome of speech production were found which might be due to the developmental nature of the LET system in which rehabilitation of understanding always precedes that of production. WM had no predictive value for rehabilitation outcome. These findings must be interpreted with caution but can still be used for clinical decision making.
  • Paasila, Bettina (2021)
    Tavoitteet. Tämän pro-gradu tutkielman tarkoituksena oli luoda katsaus siihen, millaisia kuntoutusasetelmia- ja harjoitteita on käytetty sosiaalisen kognition kuntoutuksessa virtuaalitodellisuudessa ja voiko virtuaalitodellisuus tuoda lisäarvoa kuntoutukseen. Tavoitteena oli selvittää virtuaalitodellisuudessa tehtävien kuntoutusharjoitteiden vaikuttavuutta sosiaaliseen kognitioon henkilöillä, joilla on autismikirjon häiriö ja kuinka vaikuttavuutta on mitattu. Lisäksi pyrittiin selvittämään yleistyvätkö nämä tulokset interventioiden ulkopuolelle. Menetelmät. Tutkimus toteutettiin integroivana kirjallisuuskatsauksena, jonka aineisto on koostettu tieteellisistä artikkeleista. Artikkelit ovat valikoituneet hakulausekkeen perusteella. Hakulausekkeeni ovat: (virtual* OR augmented* OR mixed* vr OR hmd* OR headset OR “head mounted” OR head-mounted* OR helmet OR glasses OR goggles OR ve OR immersive OR im-mersion OR 3d OR head-worn OR “head worn”) AND (autism* OR autism spectrum disorder* OR high functioning au-tism* OR HFA* OR Asperger* OR pervasive disorder*) AND (intervention* OR rehab* OR rehabilitation* OR therap*) AND (“social gaze” OR “social cognition” OR communic* OR social* OR gaze*) Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Aineiston perusteella voidaan todeta, että virtuaalitodellisuudella voidaan menestyksekkäästi toteuttaa sosiaalisen kognition kuntoutusta henkilöillä, joilla on autismikirjon häiriö, tietyin reunaehdoin. Aineiston perusteella kuntoutuksessa saavutettiin paras vaikuttavuus, kun kuntoutusharjoitteena oli suora vuorovaikutusharjoitus, kun otoksena kuntoutettavia, joilla mitattu ÄO oli >70. Lisäksi nähtiin kuntoutuksen tulosten yleistymistä niissä tutkimuksissa, joissa kontrolli oli järjestetty. Virtuaalitodellisuudella voidaan tuoda lisäarvoa kuntoutukseen, sillä laitteet voidaan viedä kuntoutujan arkeen ja näin mahdollisesti taata kuntoutuksen systemaattisuus ja riittävä intensiteetti sekä säästää terapiaresursseja.
  • Pilli, Reea (2021)
    Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract Objectives. There is evidence on deficits in production and/or perception of word stress or its acoustic correlates in hearing impaired children. Previous research has shown that there might be beneficial effects of music and singing to perception of word stress or its acoustic correlates in hearing impaired children. Because good perception of word stress is linked to good language abilities, better perception of word stress may support language development in hearing-impaired children. Seemingly, there is no previous research on the development of production of word stress during music intervention in hearing impaired children. There is also a lack of studies comparing hearing impaired children with cochlear implants (CI) and hearing-impaired children with hearing aids (HA) in their development of production and perception of word stress. The aim of this study was to examine how music intervention and singing at home are linked to the production and perception of word stress or its acoustic correlates in hearing-impaired children with bilateral cochlear implants (CI) and/or hearing aids (HA). This pilot study is a part of MULAPAPU research project which aims to study the effects of music and singing to perception and production of language in children aged from 0 to 7 years. Methods. The participating children (n=16) with bilateral CIs and/or HAs were aged from 2 to 7 years. They were grouped based on their hearing devices (children with bilateral CI and children with bilateral HAs or unilateral CI and contralateral HA). Other groups were made based on their signing at home (singers and non-singers). Non-word repetition-task invented in MULAPAPU research project was used to test the production of word stress. The perception of word stress and its acoustic correlates (pitch, intensity, duration) were assessed with previously used non-word /tata/-task. The children were tested before music intervention (T1) and after music intervention (T2). Results and conclusions. Only children with CIs improved in their production of word stress during music intervention. Overall, age was linked to the production of word stress but not the perception of word stress. Closer analysis showed a significant link between age and the development of production of word stress in hearing impaired children with HAs. Higher age was also linked to better development of perception of duration in children with CIs, and poorer development of perception of word stress in children with HAs. There were no significant differences between singers and non-singers in development of the production or the perception of word stress. However, more singers than non-singers improved their performance during music intervention. It seems that singing, and music intervention could be a valuable asset on rehabilitation of hearing-impaired children.
  • Palola, Jemina (2021)
    Aims of the study. Aphasia can be studied from the aspect of functional communication, in which case the focus is on how a person with aphasia is able to use language in their everyday environment. One way to study the functional communication of people with aphasia is to analyse discourse, as word-finding difficulties, which are common in aphasia, can affect discourse. Discourse can also be studied to determine whether the effects of an intervention are generalized to the level of functional communication. The aim of this thesis is to study the discourse of people with chronic aphasia, elicited using interview questions, in different phases of an intervention consisting of rTMS treatment (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) and Intensive Language Action Therapy (ILAT). The discourse features which are analysed include lexical diversity (verbs and nouns) and informativeness (correct information units). The results of the discourse analysis are compared to the results of linguistic tests (Boston Naming Test for nouns and Action Naming Test for verbs). Methods. The data consisted of the discourse of three participants. The discourse was elicited using interview questions. All the participants had chronic fluent aphasia. They participated in the University of Helsinki research project “Treatment-Induced Speech and Language Improvement and Neuroplasticity after Stroke”, during which they received both rTMS treatment and ILAT therapy. They were examined four times during the intervention: at baseline, after rTMS treatment period, after combined rTMS and ILAT period, and at follow-up (3 months after the intervention). The discourse samples were analysed using discourse analysis. The chosen measurements were measures of lexical diversity, i. e. verbs and nouns, and measures of information units. The results were analysed visually. In addition, group effect sizes were calculated. Regression lines were used to compare the results of the discourse analysis to the results of linguistic tests. Results and discussion. No clear changes were detected in lexical diversity and informativeness of the discourse of people with chronic aphasia during rTMS and ILAT. Thus, the intervention did not have effect on functional communication at group level. However, there was much variation between the participants as well as between the results of different measures. The efficiency of informativeness increased for all the participants and it also had the largest group effect size. There was a stronger correlation between the use of nouns in discourse and the results of Boston Naming Test than between the use of verbs in discourse and the results of Action Naming Test
  • Vuokko, Leena (2020)
    Objectives. Interprofessional collaboration has become increasingly important in health and social care. Collaboration with professionals in other fields is also part of the work of many speech therapists and the method has been found to benefit the work in many ways. The number of studies on interprofessional collaboration is also increasing, although the perspective of speech therapists is rarely considered. The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences speech and language therapists and their team members of other professions have on interprofessional collaboration. The participants were primary health care employees working in two municipalities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. The interviewees were also asked about their views on the benefits and challenges of cooperation. In addition, it was investigated what skills the study period provided for the interviewees’ interprofessional work, as well as what qualities close cooperation requires from the employee. Methods. The study was conducted in February and March 2020 in two separate group interviews involving a total of six speech therapists, three psychologists, three occupational therapists and one nurse. The interviews were videotaped and transcribed into text files. The data was analysed by means of inductive content analysis, and the results were reviewed in the light of previous research and literature. Results and conclusions. The work of the speech therapists interviewed involved a variety of multidisciplinary practices, and the speech therapists collaborated with professionals in many other fields. The closest co-operation was in the employees' own offices, where professionals from different fields, among other things, consulted each other and met customers together. Interprofessional collaboration was thought to benefit the work in many ways, while the disadvantages were perceived to be minor. Interviewees felt that little attention was paid to interprofessional cooperation during their studies. Many felt that it would have been useful to get to know the job descriptions of future partners in particular during their studies. Based on the results of this study, speech therapists in primary health care seem to appreciate the opportunity for interprofessional collaboration. Cooperation seems to benefit their work as well as reduce work-related stress. For example, challenges in schedules, information flow, and workplace space solutions seem to make it difficult for workers to collaborate. Studies in speech therapy appear to provide rather limited skills for multidisciplinary work on the basis of this study. As cooperation with workers in other fields is usually part of the job description of speech therapists, the inclusion of multidisciplinarity more closely as part of speech therapy studies would be justified.
  • Siltanen, Ilona (2021)
    Objectives. Semantic verbal fluency task is a naming task in which a participant produces words from a certain semantic category during limited time frame. Currently there is only a little research where the verbal fluency performance of young children, especially with hearing impairment has been studied, and findings have not been consistent. The question whether singing is associated with verbal fluency performance has not been studied much. The aim of this thesis was to compare verbal fluency performance of children with hearing impairment and normal hearing children. In addition, the aim was to investigate the association of singing with the semantic verbal fluency performance. Methods. This study sample contained 14 children with hearing impairment and 12 children with normal hearing. Participants performed two semantic verbal fluency tasks where they produced words from categories of animals and clothes for 60 seconds. The number of produced words and accepted words and semantic strategies (number of clusters, switches, semantic subcategories, the use of semantic strategy and the number of words in clusters) were examined. Amount of singing was investigated by means of questionnaire. Statistical methods were used to investigate differences between study groups and to investigate connection of singing and verbal fluency performance. Results and conclusions. The differences between the groups of children with hearing impairment and normal hearing children were not significant. Singing was associated with verbal fluency performance only in the group of children with hearing impairment and only in the animal task. Hearing impaired children who sang daily produced more words and used more word finding strategies than hearing impaired children who sang more seldom. The findings of previous studies are partly parallel to the findings of this thesis. However more research is needed for getting more consistent findings and more comprehensive research literature of the subject.
  • Huovinen, Anni (2021)
    Aims. In previous studies a link between nonword repetition skills and children’s language skills such as phonological knowledge and reading skills. Musical activity has been found to improve children’s cognitive development and language skills. Nonword repetition and nonword span have been widely used as a measure of phonological skills and working memory. The aim of the study was to find out whether there is a connection between singing at home and phonological skills or working memory in children with hearing impairment. The second aim of the study was to find out whether there is a correlation of performance in these two tasks and is there a decrease in parental singing as the child grows older. Methods. The study was conducted as a multiple case study. The participants were recruited from CIsumusa, a speech-music playschool for hearing-impaired children. The participants were nine Finnish-speaking hearing-impaired children aged 1–6 years who used either cochlear implants or hearing aids or both. The data was comprised of nonword repetition and nonword span tasks completed by the children. The parents of the participants filled some questionnaires about musical activity of the family which were also analyzed in the study. The children were divided into four groups for further paired analysis: 1) the children whose parents sing to them daily, 2) those whose parents sing to them less frequently than daily, 3) the children who sing daily, 4) the children who sing less frequently than daily. Nonparametric methods (such as Mann Whitney U-test) were used for statistical analysis. Results and Conclusions. No statistically significant differences were found between singing groups. A statistically significant correlation was found between performances in nonword repetition and nonword span tasks. It was found that the children over 4 years and 3 months old repeated the nonwords significantly more correctly by the number of syllables than the younger participants. It was also found that the children whose parents sing to them daily were on average 13,45 months younger than the children whose parents sing to them less frequently, even though the age difference was not statistically significant. Due to small number of subjects the results may be considered indicative, but based on them and previous research, singing should be used in speech therapy rehabilitation and home training.