Browsing by Subject "biologinen lääke"

Biological medicines are gaining ground in drug therapy. However, biological medicines are considerably expensive. Top ten drugs that caused the most drug reimbursement expenses included six biological drugs in Finland in 2017. A biosimilar is a biological medicine which is highly similar to another biological medicine (the reference medicine) that has already approved. Biosimilar prices are cheaper than the original medicines because their clinical development program does not have to be as extensive. A wide use of biosimilars save costs for both the patient and society without changing the effectiveness of drug therapy. The aim of this study is to investigate the automatic substitution of biological drugs containing the same active ingredient, especially from the point of view of medication safety. The study was conducted as a systematic literature review. Literature search was carried out by using Pubmed and Scopus databases. The literature was also searched manually from references of the articles and from the industry experts. The literature search produced a total of 454 articles after the deletion of duplicates. A title, abstract and full text screening was conducted by two independent researchers. All in all, 65 articles met the inclusion criteria of the study. As no studies were found on the automatic substitution of biological medicines from the point of view of medication safety, it was decided to include in the study original studies investigating the substitution of biological drugs from the point of view of doctors (n=8), pharmacists (n=3), patients (n=1) and various stakeholders (n=2). The original studies were all surveys except one study. In addition, the review included statements of various medical associations and organizations (n=23), descriptive reviews (n=27), and expert views (n=2) on the automatic substitution of biological drugs. According to the results of the original studies (n=13), it can be stated that automatic substitution is not considered generally acceptable. Doctors consider it is very important that the pharmacist informs them if substitution occurs. They also think it’s critical that doctors should be able to prevent substitution. Patients are also sceptical about the substitution of biological drugs. The quality of the original studies was assessed by the generalizability of the research results. The generalizability of the results of the original studies is weak due to the methodological shortcomings of the studies. Although the automatic substitution of biological drugs is legal in some countries, such as in France and in Australia, it has not been studied from the point of view of medication safety. In order to be safe to implement automatic substitution of biological medicines, more should be investigated on the subject. From the point of view of medication safety, healthcare professionals and patients will need further target group education on biosimilars. In addition, it should be clarified what kind of education the healthcare professionals and patients would need if the automatic substitution of biological medicines was to be realized.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with prevalence of 0.8% among Finnish adult population. Consequent medical treatment, joint replacement surgery and productivity losses lead to significant expenses for society. While biological treatments for RA are costly, they can improve patients' quality of life and work participation. Economic evaluations provide information on the benefits and costs of these expensive treatments to aid optimal utilization of limited healthcare resources. This master`s thesis comprises the description of the Finnish Current Care Guidelines for RA, the cost of biological treatments and the principles of economic evaluations and health technology assessment. A systematic literature review was performed to identify existing studies examining the cost-effectiveness of biological treatments for RA. Of the 4890 references found with the literature search, 38 original studies and 9 previous systematic reviews were included in the current systematic literature review. Details of the methods as well as information on treatments, costs, benefits and incremental cost-effectiveness were extracted. Quality of the original studies was evaluated using quality assessment tools. Ninety percent (34/38) of the original studies used cost-utility modeling approach. Quality of life estimates were derived from RA specific health assessment questionnaire in a majority of the studies. Based on the current systematic literature review, the evidence on the cost-effectiveness of biological treatments is inconsistent. The incremental cost-effectiveness of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers was 13 500-772 000 €/ quality adjusted life year (QALY) in comparison to conventional disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARD) among patients without previous treatment with DMARDs. Several studies reported incremental cost-effectiveness ratios over 100 000 €/QALY in this population. Among patients with insufficient response to DMARDs, TNF blockers provided incremental cost-effectiveness ratios between 6 700 and 317 000 €/QALY. In most studies Rituximab was found to be a cost-effective alternative in contrast to other treatments among patients with insufficient response to TNF blockers. Biological treatments are not cost-effective among patients naïve to conventional DMARDs. Meanwhile, in patients with previous DMARD failure TNF-blockers might be cost-effective. The evidence on the cost effectiveness of biological treatments supports Finnish Current Care Guidelines. The quality assessment of the included studies revealed several sources of bias, consequently reducing the validity of the studies. Only a few of the conference abstracts in current subject has been published later as an article indicating existence of reporting bias. This study has several strengths. First, a comprehensive literature search was performed. Second, the quality of included studies was carefully evaluated. Finally, the methods and reporting are transparent. Weakness of the current study is one person extracting data and assessing the quality of the studies, which may reduce the reliability of this study. This systematic literature review is a basis for future studies examining cost-effectiveness of biological treatments in Finnish healthcare system.

The price competition of biological medicines induced by biosimilars has started slower than expected in Europe. One of the main reasons has been the differences in physicians’ attitudes toward biosimilars. Switching biological medicines to clinically comparable alternatives is an important way to enhance the cost-effectiveness of using biological medicines. The focus of the conversation has shifted from the general similarity of biosimilars and the originators to whether frequent switching involves additional risks. The purpose of this master’s thesis was to investigate factors influencing physicians’ prescribing of biological medicines. In addition, their perceptions of the automatic substitution of biological medicines in Finland were explored. The study was based on structured personal interviews of rheumatologists and gastroenterologists including specialising physicians who work at HUS Helsinki University Hospital in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (n=48). They had a chance to comment on their responses at any time freely. The interview consisted of four sections: demographics, general attitudes toward biosimilars, factors affecting prescribing biological medicines, and perceptions of the automatic substitution of biological medicines. Study participants had a chance to comment on their structured responses during the interview. The interviews were recorded for further analysis of the comments. The results are based on a descriptive quantitative analysis and an inductive analysis of the comments. The interviewed physicians’ (n=27, response rate 56,3%) attitudes toward biosimilars were highly positive. Most of the physicians (21/27, 78%) also strive to motivate patients to switch biological medicines to clinically comparable but lower-cost options despite the challenges associated with switching, for example the differences in the administration devices. Of the previously determined factors, the ones affecting prescribing biological medicines the most were the willingness to support the price competition between the biological medicines, reimbursement status, and the hospital’s drug formulary when initiating the biological treatment in the hospital. The attitudes toward the automatic substitution of the biological medicines were positive among 13/27 (48 %) physicians. Our study results are in line with the results of earlier studies, but the open responses especially to the automatic substitution of biological medicines might indicate more positive perceptions on the subject among physicians in Finland.