Browsing by discipline "Geologia"

Observations of the highest shoreline of the Baltic Sea have been collected over decades but only recently it has been possible to create an ArcGIS based database that covers whole Finland. An ancient shoreline database (ASD) was created in this study, in which shoreline observations from earlier publications were collected and analysed. The map was created in two resolutions (10 and 25 m) using TIN (Triangulated Irregular network) as an interpolation method. The highest shoreline of the Baltic Sea basin designates the post-glacial shoreline level that separates sub- and supra-aquatic areas. The highest shoreline is diachronous and shorelines have formed during various stages of the Baltic Sea, i.e. from the Baltic Ice Lake to the Ancylus Lake between 12 000-8500 BP. Shoreline landforms that can be connected to the highest shoreline are washed hillsides, deltas, stone belts, esker tops, cliffs, beach terraces, beach ridges and lake ramparts. Shoreline observations were collected in ASD as point type data, in which every observation has location, altitude and other related information. Three different DEMs (Digital Elevation Model) were used to measure altitudes. Two of them, DEM 10 m and DEM 25 m cover whole area of Finland and along with them were used LiDAR DEM, which only covers those parts of Finland that were published in 2011 or earlier. DEM 25 m has resolution 25 meters and it has been used to measure the altitude of shorelines in areas where LiDAR DEM is not available. DEM 10 m is newer DEM with 10 meter resolution and it is only used at the end of the database collecting. New shoreline observations were also scouted using MDOW hillshade and LiDAR DEM. A total of 935 highest shoreline observations were collected in the ASD and 69 dummies were defined, which were used to backfill missing areas outside the ASD. Best shoreline observations were used to interpolate a surface that represents the highest shoreline using TIN-model. The TIN-surface was subtracted from DEM 10 m and DEM 25 m that were converted into rasters and result maps were two different resolution raster maps, which were converted to polygons. The observations of the Baltic Ice Lake, the Yoldia Sea and the Ancylus Lake were used in same interpolation regardless the fact that the level of the Baltic Ice Lake dropped 28–25 meters at around 11 600 BP. Result maps largely correspond with the map of Eronen and Haila that were published in 1992. The map based on DEM 10 m has clearly better resolution and it gives new information of the border of the sub- and supra-aquatic areas in Finland. DEM 25 m is mainly beneficial in large scale because it is coarser than DEM 10 m. TIN-model interpolates the drop of The Baltic Ice Lake well enough but additional shoreline observations would be needed for more precise outcome. The highest shoreline of the Baltic Ice Lake district in this study is 163 m a.s.l. close to the First Salpausselkä in the vicinity of Hollola and the highest shoreline of the Ancylus Lake is located in the city of Rovaniemi where it reaches 220 m a.s.l.

The Kedonojankulma Cu-Au occurrence is situated in the Svecofennian Häme belt in Southern Finland, about 13 km north of Forssa. The occurrence is hosted by a porphyritic tonalite intrusion. The surrounding of tonalite intrusion consist mostly Palaeoproterozoic mafic and intermediate volcanic rocks. The occurrence was found by Geological Survey of Finland in 2006 after regional till-geochemical surveys and diamond drillings. Several features that are typical in most porphyry copper deposits have been identified, such as metal content and metals zoning. Only a few porphyry copper deposits have been found from the Palaeoproterozoic granitoids in the Fennoscandian Shield area. Aim of this study is to exanimate fluid inclusions and determinate is there indication of porphyry copper-type deposit. In many parts of the Kedonojankulma intrusion, early dark quartz-sulfide veins are cutting the host rock. The highest metal grades are in and around quartz-sulfide veins. The samples for laboratory measurements were collected from these dark quartz-sulfide veins. The most important research method was microthermometric studies. Daughter minerals in fluid inclusion were also identified by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Based on the microthermometric data from four samples, fluid inclusions show a wide variation in salinity about 2 - 45 wt. percent (NaCl equiv.) and homogenization temperatures about 100 - 420 °C. The most common ore minerals were found in porphyritic tonalite as well as daughter minerals inside the fluid inclusions. Evidence of boiling was also observed in a few samples. Fluid inclusion compositions, salinity, daughter minerals, boiling, a magmatic origin of fluids, homogenization behavior and many other factors indicate a porphyry copper-type deposit.

Suomessa pohjaveden tavallisimmat laatuongelmat ovat kohonneet rauta- ja mangaanipitoisuudet sekä alhainen pH-arvo. Kalkkikivialkaloinnin on käytännössä todettu parantavan veden laatua, ja menetelmää on tutkittu useasti vesilaitoksilla ja laboratorioissa toteutetuin kokein. Yksityiskaivoissakin kalkkikivialkaloinnin on käytännössä todettu parantavan vedenlaatua, mutta tutkimuksia esimerkiksi menetelmälle parhaiten soveltuvista kohteista ei ole tehty. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää alustavasti millaisissa tapauksissa kalkkikivialkalointi tietyllä mitoituksella on toimiva kunnostusmenetelmä ja mitkä asiat tähän voi vaikuttaa. Koska Suomessa pohjavesi on luonnostaan pehmeää, lievästi hapanta, rauta- sekä mangaanipitoista ja oman kaivon varassa olevia talouksia on paljon, tehokkaalle ja turvalliselle veden käsittelymenetelmälle on kysyntää edellä mainittujen laatuongelmien korjaamiseksi. Kaivoon sijoitetun kalkkikivirouheen vaikutusta veden laatuun tarkastellaan yleisellä tasolla vuosina 2003–2011 raportoitujen kunnostuskohteiden vesianalyysitietojen perusteella. Kaivokohtaisesti kalkkikivialkaloinnin vaikutusta tutkitaan kolmentoista yksityisen rengaskaivon avulla analysoimalla niiden vesinäytteitä ennen ja jälkeen kalkkikivikunnostuksen. Tutkimuskaivojen veden kemiallista laatua tutkitaan in situ –menetelmin ja laboratorioanalyysien avulla vuoden ajan. Kaivovesistä tutkitaan pH, sähkönjohtavuus, alkaliteetti, pääionit sekä happi-, hiilidioksidi-, rauta- ja mangaanipitoisuudet. Kunnostuksen vaikutusta veden kalkkikivikylläisyyteen tarkastellaan mallintamalla kalkkikiven ja veden välisiä reaktioita hydrogeokemiallista mallinnusohjelmaa (PhreeqC) käyttäen. Laajemman aineiston perusteella kalkkikivikunnostus paransi kaivoveden laatua tilastollisesti merkitsevästi liian alhaisen pH-arvon sekä nitraattipitoisuuden osalta. Kolmestatoista tutkimuskaivosta kahdeksassa tapahtui lähtöoletusten mukaisia muutoksia eli veden pH-arvo, alkaliteetti, sähkönjohtavuusarvo sekä kalsium- ja magnesiumpitoisuudet nousivat. Kaikkien 13 tutkimuskaivon vedet tulivat kalsiittikylläisemmäksi kalkkikivikäsittelyn jälkeen, ja vain kolmessa kaivossa vesi ei saavuttanut kalsiittikylläisyyttä koko seurantajakson aikana. Kaivonomistajille lähetetyn kyselyn perusteella suurin osa oli huomannut kaivossaan kaivoveden laadun ja/tai määrän parantumista kalkkikivikunnostuksen jälkeen. Kalkkikivialkalointia tulisi tutkia mahdollisimman luonnonmukaisissa olosuhteissa (in situ), jotta tuloksien perusteella voitaisiin antaa suosituksia kalkkikivirouheen mitoituksesta yksityisiin talouskaivoihin sekä sopivista käyttökohteista. Lisätutkimuksia tarvitaan menetelmän soveltumisesta eri muodostumatyyppiä edustavalle, eri syvyisille ja erilaisilla kulutuksilla sekä ennen muuta erilaisia raakavesiä edustaville kaivoille. Tutkimuksessa tulee kiinnittää huomiota in situ –menetelmiin sekä vesinäytteiden kestävöintiin. Tutkittaessa kalkkikivialkaloinnin soveltuvuutta raudan ja mangaanin poistamiseen talousvesikaivoissa on orgaanisen aineksen ja mikrobitoiminnan vaikutus prosessiin otettava huomioon.

The layman’s sample practice of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) is a unique national practice in raw material exploration and research. Its main purpose is to increase knowledge related to Finnish raw material resources. The operation is quite rare on a global scale. A layman’s sample (kansannäyte) is a sample of rock, mineral, or soil sent to a geologist or other type of expert by a rock hobbyist. The Layman’s Sample Office of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) receives thousands of samples from all over Finland every year. The office handles ore samples, industrial minerals, dimensional stone, precious stone and gemstone discoveries, and metals of technological interest. The concept of layman’s sample reflects the action of its history and original purpose. The practice started in the 18th century and has continued uninterrupted since then. Thirtytwo of the metallic mines in Finland have been discovered on the basis of a layman's sample. Currently, further new mining operations, on which the first reference sample has been sent by the public, are being launched. In addition to the economic benefit, the practice also has other tasks. The sample office answers geology-related questions sent in by the general public and provides competent and up-to-date information on the importance of raw materials to the society. The challenge in the future is to improve the quality of the samples. Also in the future, the development of digital applications will be important including web and mobile applications, for example teaching map services and platforms. The new applications could also inspire young people to the rock hobby in general as well as increase the geological knowledge of the general public. The digital archive of layman’s samples contains information on more than 60 000 bedrock and boulder samples. Layman’s samples and metallogenic zones can be compared with each other. Geologically ore potential zones could be identified and sampled. The archive also reveals new areas with ore potential.

The 2020 climate and energy package is obligatory for the EU to increase renewable energy usage. Because of this and a trend of increasing energy prices, Finland has started to develop geothermal energy more since the year 2000. Geothermal energy is heating- and cooling energy which comes from the bedrock, earths surface layers, water systems and from surface sediments in water systems. This research is about geothermal energy, particularly groundwaters potential to make energy for heating and cooling in two different cities in Finland. Generally research assumes that urbanization and the 'heat island' phenomenom makes groundwater warmer. This groundwater research was carried out in Lohja and Turku. There were altogether eight groundwater pipes and the groundwater temperatures were followed for 5,5 months. Two of these groundwater pipes were located in natural areas just outside of the city, temperatures of the natural area groundwater pipes were used to compare the results from the city groundwater pipes. 58 Thermochron dataloggers were installed to the groundwater pipes and they measured the temperatures every two hours from different depths. In addition there was one Thermochron datalogger in each city which took measurements of the outside temperatures. Thermochron dataloggers haven't been used for measuring groundwater temperatures over a long period of time, so it was uncertain how or if this method would succeed. Due to this untried method of research, the dataloggers were checked approximately once a month and the data extracted from them thus far. Temperature depth profiles were made from groundwater temperature results, and the possible groundwater energy results were calculated from these. Temperature results showed that urban groundwater is warmer than the natural groundwater. Natural groundwater temperatures were approximately +5.5 – 6.5 °C and +7 – 13 °C in urban areas. Results also showed a time delay between the groundwater temperatures and the air temperatures. Air temperatures decrease quite steadily from July's +18.5 °C to December's +0.5 °C. The highest temperatures of the groundwater were recorded between October and November. Thermochron dataloggers worked variably in the groundwater pipes due to the subjection of high pressures along with the lack of water resistance. Some of these dataloggers ceased to work in the midst of the research, and as a consequence results of the temperatures had to be partly interpolated. To obtain a better energy potential, the groundwater temperature should be researched for a longer period of time than 5,5 moths, thus producing a comprehensive set of results throughout the seasons bearing a strong correlation. Under the circumstances these results shows groundwater energy is viable in the local areas.

North Ostrobothnian, or Kiiminki volcanic-sedimential schist belt, which is located in Haukipudas-Kiiminki-area in northern Finland, contains, according to lithostratigraphic interpretation and found ore-bearing rocks, potential units for occurrence of SEDEX-type zinc, copper, lead and silver sulphide ores. Commonly found in the area, phyllites and black shales are critical for occurrence of zinc and copper ores, whereas dolomite-bearing rocks are critical for occurrence of lead and silver ores. However, the previous geological study in the area has been sparse. During previous detailed ore studies of moraine in the area no actual ore deposits were found, but some elevated heavy metal total concentrations were detected. Simultaneously with the previously mentioned studies, a handful of different kinds of chemical partial extraction analyses were carried out for the fine-grained fraction of moraine. The meaning of the-se analyses was to find out the geochemical fractioning of heavy metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the area. The results of chemical partial extraction analyses for 20 samples that are mainly taken from potentially ore critical areas are now discussed for the first time. The partial extraction methods discussed here are sulphide selective KClO3-HCl-extraction and H2O2-ascorbic acid-extraction, labile selective citric acid extraction and sequential extraction. Total concentrations were analyzed using HNO3 + HCl + HF + HClO4 – total dissolution and XRF-analysis. Furthermore, polished thin sections were prepared of ten samples. The mineralogical composition, especially the occurrence of sulphides, was analyzed from thin sections using SEM-EDS. The results show that zinc, copper and lead were mostly associated to the sulphide fraction of moraine in the areas where the metals in question are considered ore potential. The mineralogical study shows, that especially chalcopyrite and sphalerite are present in great numbers. There were no significant dif-ferences in effectivity of different partial extraction methods, although KClO3-HCl-extraction was a little bit more effective than H2O2-ascorbic acid-extraction. The effectivity of the sulphide selective phase of sequential extraction to lead was weaker compared to other sulphide selective methods. The results suggest that partial extraction methods and mineralogical study are useful tools in defining geochemical fractioning and ore prospecting in moraine.

Hampaat kuluvat käytössä. Kuluminen johtuu ruoassa olevista sekä sen ulkopuolelta tulevista partikkeleista. Erilaiset partikkelit aiheuttavat erilaista kulumista. Mikrokulumisjälkien analyysiä voidaan käyttää kulumisen kvantifioimiseen. Analyysimenetelmässä lasketaan hampaan pinnalta mikroskooppisia naarmuja ja kuoppia sekä niiden kokoja. Erot kulumisjäljissä kertovat erilaisten ruokavalioiden suosimisesta. Heinänsyöjillä hampaan pintaan tulee enemmän naarmuja, kun taas lehtien ja muiden kasvinosien syöjille muodostuu enemmän kuoppia. Maa-aines ja kasvien fytoliitit on jo pitkään nimetty pääasiallisiksi kulutusta aikaansaavat tekijöiksi. Muita vaihtoehtoja ovat esimerkiksi kuidut, kovat ruoat ja hampaiden keskinäinen hankaus eli attritio. Mikrokulumisjälkien syntyä oikeissa hampaissa ei ole tarkasteltu kokeellisesti. Havainnoivan tarkastelun on aika saada rinnalleen kokeellisesti tuotettua tietoa. Tässä kokeessa hevosen hampaita laitettiin pureskelemaan erilaisia ruokavalioita. Ruokavalioita olivat sinimailanen (L=lucerne), heinä (G=grass), heinä-riisi (GR=grass-rice) ja heinä-riisi-hiekka (GRS=grass-rice-sand). Ruokavalioissa oli edeltävässä järjestyksessä kasvava kuluttavien ainesosien määrä ADIA (Acid Detergent Insoluble Ash), joka L:n, G:n ja GR:n tapauksessa oli myös kasvava fytoliittipitoisuus. Lisäksi yksi ryhmä koostui hampaista, jotka pureskelivat pelkässä vedessä ilman ruokaa (ATTR). Jokainen kahdestakymmenestäviidestä hammasparista pureskeli ruokaa 6 h 30 min, joka vastaa noin 100 000 purentaa tai noin seitsemää päivää oikean hevosen elämässä. Pureskelun jälkeen hampaiden pinnoista tehtiin epoksivalokset, joista otettiin kuvat stereomikroskoopilla. Kuvat otettiin kahdesta kohtaa hampaan keskellä olevasta kiillenauhasta. Kiillenauhoista laskettiin 0,4 x 0,4 mm kokoiselta alueelta kaikki naarmut ja kuopat Microware 4.02 -ohjelmalla. Tulokset osoittivat, että ATTR ja GRS eroavat hiekattomista ruokavalioista. ATTR synnytti paljon pieniä kuoppia ja vain vähän naarmuja. Attritiohampaat olivat myös aivan erinäköisiä kuin ruokavalioita pureskelleet hampaat. GRS:ssä oli voimakas negatiivinen korrelaatio kuoppien määrän ja naarmujen määrän välillä. G:n ja GR:n pystyi erottamaan toisistaan tilastollisesti merkittävästi isojen kuoppien, jälkien pituuden, jälkien pituuden ja leveyden suhteen, kuoppien prosenttiosuuden sekä ohuiden naarmujen prosenttiosuuden suhteen. L:llää ei voinut erottaa tilastollisesti merkittävästi G:stä tai GR:stä tässä kokeessa mitatuilla ominaisuuksilla. Mikrokulumisjälkien tutkiminen ei anna täydellistä vastausta, mutta se kertoo karkeasti minkälaista ruokavaliota eläin on syönyt. Kaikki ruokavaliot ja attritio aiheuttivat mikrokulumiskuvioita kiilteeseen. G:n ja GR:n välillä oli selviä eroja, mutta L oli aina niiden välissä. Tilastollisesti havaittavia tuloksia olisi mahdollisesti saanut enemmän, jos koeasetelmia olisi muuttanut tai näytemäärät olisivat olleet suurempia. Erot G:n ja GR:n välillä voidaan mahdollisesti selittää eri fytoliittimäärillä. GR:n suurempi fytoliittimäärä kuluttaa nopeammin kiilteen pintaa, ja hävittää jo olemassa olevia jälkiä. GRS:n suuri vaihtelu voidaan selittää sen komponenteilla. Riisi ja heinä aiheuttavat ohuita naarmuja, kun taas hiekanjyvät tuhoavat niitä aiheuttamalla isoja kuoppia ja leveitä naarmuja. Tällaistä hiekansyömistä tapahtuu kuitenkin vain hyvin äärimmäisissä tapauksissa oikeassa elämässä. Tulevissa tutkimuksissa tulisi testata raekooltaan paljon pienempää mineraalipölyä. Tulokset paljastivat, että L, jossa ei ollut ulkoista maa-ainesta ja vain vähän fytoliittejä, aiheutti samanlaista kulumista kuin G ja GR. Kuidut tai muut ainesosat kasveissa aiheuttavat mahdollisesti mikroskooppisia kulumisjälkiä kiilteeseen.

Kurikan alueella esiintyy geologialtaan Suomen oloissa ainutlaatuinen ja rakenteeltaan monimuotoinen monikerroksinen paineellinen akviferisysteemi. Rakenteen kompleksisuuden mahdollistaa Kurikan alueella kallioperän topografian suurehkot vaihtelut ja sen päälle jääkausiajan prosesseissa kerääntynyt paikoin jopa yli 100 metriä paksu maapeite. Tämä maanpeite pitää sisällään paikoin 2–3 toistensa päällä sijaitsevaa akviferia. Kurikan pohjavesiesiintymää on tutkittu GTK:n, Vaasan vesihuollon ja Kurikan Vesi Oy:n toimesta jo useita vuosia. Tavoitteena on hyödyntää alueen pohjavettä Vaasan ja Kurikan kuntien tarpeeseen, sekä turvata Pohjanmaan alueella laajemminkin vesihuoltoa. Paineellinen akviferi aiheuttaa usein runsasta lähteisyyttä. Pohjaveden purkautumiskohteita tutkittiin tässä työssä vesinäytteistä analysoidun hydrogeokemian (pääionijakauma, liuennut silikaatti, alkaliteetti, sähkönjohtavuus sekä vedyn ja hapen stabiilien isotooppien koostumus) ja ilmasta käsin suoritetuin termisten kuvausmenetelmien avulla (TIR). Lämpökuvia tuotettiin UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) lentoalustalla sekä helikopterista käsin. UAV:n tuottamia lämpökuvia käsiteltiin Pix4D-ohjelmalla, jolloin niistä saatiin georeferoituja kuvia paikkatietojärjestelmään yhteensopiviksi. Tarkoituksena oli myös alueelta GTK:n toimesta tehtyjen tutkimusten ja saatavilla olevan geologisen tiedon avulla selvittää tämän paineellisen pohjavesisysteemin luonnetta ja rakennetta. Tähän kuului pohjaveden muodostumisalueiden määrittäminen, pohjavesien kulkeutumisen selvittäminen ja pohjavesien ikien ja laadun arviointi. Kurikkalainen syväpohjavesi löytyy tutkimusalueelta kahden laaksoalueen, Häjyluoma ja Paloluoma, alla sijaitsevasta syvästä akviferista, jotka sijaitsevat kallioperän vanhassa ruhjevyöhykkeessä. Vesi kulkeutuu akviferisysteemiin ympäröiviltä yläviltä alueilta melko suuren korkeuseron saattelemana. Pohjavesi vaikuttaa puhkovan tiensä läpi syvemmältä kohti maanpintaa ja sekoittuvan ylempänä maaperässä sijaitsevan akviferin veteen. Lämpötila-anomalioiden runsain esiintyvyys voidaan yhdistää laaksoalueiden syvien akviferien päälle. Iältään vedet vaikuttaisivat olevan vain muutamia kymmeniä vuosia vanhoja. Kurikan maaperässä näyttäisi olevan runsaasti potentiaalia pohjaveden hyötykäyttöä ajatellen.

The aeolian silty deposits found in Lammi region are commonly known as Lammi Loess. The term is established even though there are no extensive research done with modern sedimentological methods and some of the previous research on the topic are questioning the completely aeolian nature of these deposits. The purpose of this research was to determine how silty deposits known as Lammi loess fit into the definitions of loess, what type of surface textures can be detected from the deposits grains and in what extent and manner Lammi loess occurs in the Lammi region. The loess deposits of Lammi were studied using field observations and grain size analyses. The sediments grain surface textures were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The aim of this study was to achieve an extensive understanding of the deposits properties and occurrences in the Lammi region, and also of the typical surface textures of the grains. 18 sediment samples from ten different locations in Lammi was used as material for the study. In addition one dune sample was used as a point of comparison. The locations were situated at 117-166 m asl. (meters above sea level) and majority of them were located mainly below the highest shore of the Baltic Ice Lake (162 m asl.). Lammi loess is moderately sorted aeolian deposit, consisting mainly of coarse silt and fine sand. The deposits were formed when sediments uncovered by the drop of waterlevel in the Baltic basin were exposed to aeolian activity. The source material of these deposits are local and deposition occurred rather quickly. Lammi loess occurs as rather small and local deposits on the slopes of deltas and hills. The formations are more focused on the north-west slopes. Lammi loess has several characteristics typical for loass, but as a whole it is very individualistic formation with properties that are between loess and coversands. The Lammi loess deposits resemble loess in regards of their texture, color, porosity and skewness, but the distribution of sand sized grains matches that of coversands. Some of the studied sediments were either completely or partially deposited in water.

Recent climate related changes in the Arctic have risen concern and interest to better understand the mechamisms of arctic climate system and to predict the future response. Due to short instrumental monitoring a palaeoenvironmental view is required to reveal and understand long-term changes, yet high-resolution palaeoecological and -climatological studies are sparse. Bjørnøya, the Bear Island, (74°30' N, 19° E) is a key site for terrestrial palaeoclimate records along the heat transport system of the North Atlantic Current, with the possibility of linking records from northern Fennoscandia and Arctic Svalbard. A summer temperature series for the past ca. 1000 years was reconstructed from a 64 cm surface sediment core from lake Ellasjøen, SW Bjørnøya, based on quantitative palaeoenvironmental modelling of subfossilized chironomid assemblages. Quality of reconstructions was assessed with modern analogue technique and principal component analysis. To support the interpretation and receive a more holistic view of the lake history, in- lake processes, catchment interaction and factors behind the changes, a multi-proxy approach was chosen. Sediment physical characteristics: water content, loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility and spectrocolorimetric identification of sedimentary signatures and components, in addition to composition and diversity of the chironomid assemblage, were used to trace a comprehensive picture of past changes. Radiometric dating was conducted to assess the temporal context of the sedimentary series. The results reveal that Ellasjøen is a climatically sensitive lake and preserves a history of substantial changes. A general pattern is detected where Medieval Warm Period features very modest warmth, followed by warming summer temperatures until 1600 AD, when the temperature trend starts to decrease towards culmination of the Little Ice Age at 1740 AD. A warming trend ever since is persistent but does not exceed past warmth. Results suggest higher seasonality during Little Ice Age and seek to explain causes for modest recent warmth. Reconstructed climate development is in good agreement with recent results from surrounding areas and a complex set of ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions is proposed as driving factors. The findings of this study highlight the importance of regionally solved high-resolution climate records and tracing of seasonal climate components to fully understand the variation and interrelationship of driving factors affecting the Arctic climate dynamics in the eastern North Atlantic sector.