Browsing by discipline "Aluetiede"

Urban forests are typically small and shattered. Still they have important value for citizens as ecosystem services. Many of them are immaterial cultural services like health benefits, aesthetic values and possibilities for relaxation and outdoor activities. Size and biodiversity of forest affect the quality of the ecosystem services it provides. Accessibility has a significant effect on the frequency of visits in forest and therefore also on the possibility to utilize the ecosystem services. It has been discovered that the frequency of visits in forest decreases while distance grows. Therefore, urban forests should be located near residential areas. Densification of urban structure decreases the size and amount of urban forests because infill building is often placed to the last remaining unbuild areas such as urban forests and other green areas. The importance of nearby nature and its biodiversity have although become more and more important concerns in urban planning. Forests are important places for children. Playing in forest has many benefits for physical and mental development. For instance, it develops motoric skills, senses and improves concentration. Nature experiences also build up children’s relationship to nature. Positive experiences enhance respect for nature and encourage to protect its biodiversity. Early childhood education has an important role in guiding children to adopt sustainable way of life and respectful approach to nature and ecosystem services it provides. This is accomplished primarily by offering children nature experiences. The purpose of my thesis is to provide information about the urban forests that kindergartens in Vantaa use. This information can be taken into account in preparing new zoning plan and forest plan. I located the forest areas that kindergartens use on map and examined different qualities of these areas. I also studied which factors are related to the frequency of forest visits and importance of the forests as well as which factors limit the use of forests. I collected materials with GIS–query where kindergartens tagged the forests they use on the map and answered the questions about the areas. In data processing and analyses I used ArcGIS, Excel and SPSS. The methods were GIS and quantitative analysis. According to my results urban forests are very important to kindergartens and they are worried about preservation of the forests. All kindergartens that answered to the query use forests: most of them at least several times per week. Distance and importance of the forests have the strongest relation to the frequency of forest visits. On average the most important forests are bigger and closer to kindergartens than less important forests. Nevertheless, kindergartens do not necessarily use the closest forests at all. Biodiversity, tidiness and naturalness are qualities that kindergartens value in forests. The better a forest meets the needs of kindergartens the more important it is to them. Dog poop, untidiness, insecurity and erosion of the ground are the most common factors that restrict the use of forests. In urban planning it is important to take the needs of early childhood education into consideration. This means saving forests big enough to maintain biodiversity and located close enough to kindergartens. In addition, these forests should be natural and their topography varying. Untidiness should also be paid attention to. Saving urban forests between build environment benefits also other users of the forests.

Kaupan sijaintilogiikka on johtanut palveluiden keskittymiseen keskustan ulkopuolisiin keskittymiin ja heikentänyt keskustojen palvelutarjontaa tehden autosta ylivertaisen kulkumuodon nopeutensa puolesta. Asetelma on vaikea kaupunkisuunnittelussa asetettujen tavoitteiden, tiiviin kaupunkirakenteen ja kestävien liikkumismuotojen edistämisen kannalta. Kestävien liikkumismuotojen edistäminen ja auton negatiivisten vaikutusten ehkäisy hinnoittelemalla on kuuma puheenaihe liikennepolitiikassa. Tutkimus on painottunut autoilun määrän ja ruuhkien taloustieteellisiin tutkimuksiin, eikä ole ottanut kantaa hinnoittelun tuomiin saavutettavuusvaikutuksiin. Palveluiden saavutettavuudessa tapahtuukin matkojen pidentymisen ja matka-aikamuutosten lisäksi kustannuksiin liittyviä muutoksia. Mitä liikenteen hinnoittelu tarkoittaa palvelujen saavutettavuuden kannalta? Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää, 1) millaisia hinta- ja kustannusrakenteita esiintyy palveluiden saavutettavuuden näkökulmasta pääkaupunkiseudulla ja miten ne ovat linjassa kaupunkisuunnittelun tavoitteiden kanssa, 2) miten joukkoliikenteen lippujen hinnoittelu-uudistus vaikuttaa toisaalta palveluiden saavutettavuuteen ja 3) joukkoliikenteen kilpailukykyyn suhteessa yksityisautoiluun. Hinnoittelun vaikutusta saavutettavuuteen selvitettiin kustannussaavutettavuuden käsitteen avulla. Pääkaupunkiseudun kahdeksan suurimman kauppakeskuksen kustannussaavutettavuus laskettiin Metropaccess tutkimusryhmän matka-aikamatriisin perusteella tilastoruuduista lähimpään kauppakeskukseen autolla ja joukkoliikenteellä. Joukkoliikenteessä kokonaiskustannuksiin laskettiin matka-aika ja lipun hinta aikuisten kausilipun ja arvolipun mukaan nykyisessä ja tulevassa hinnoittelumallissa. Automatkan kokonaiskustannuksiin huomioitiin matka-aika, auton kulut kilometrikorvauksen mukaan ja toisessa mallissa polttoainekulujen mukaan sekä mahdollinen pysäköinnin hinta kauppakeskuksen paikoitushallissa 1,5 tunnin asioinnin mukaan. Tulosten perusteella saavutettavuus eroaa merkittävästi kulkumuodoittain. Liikennejärjestelmässä esiintyy hintarakenteita, jotka vaikuttavat saavutettavuuteen matka-ajoista poiketen. Keskustan kauppakeskusten saavutettavuus autolla on huono, kannustaen asiointiin kehäteiden kauppakeskuksissa. Hinnoittelu-uudistuksen myötä joukkoliikenteen saavutettavuudessa tapahtuu muutoksia erityisesti kuntarajojen tuntumassa. Hinnoittelu-uudistuksella ei ole dramaattista vaikutusta kulkutapojen väliseen tasapainoon, vaikka vertailu ei ollutkaan tässä suhteessa yksiselitteistä.

Biodiversity conservation, as human activity, is inherently political. Attempts to preserve species and habitats with strict Protected Areas in the Global South often take place in already inhabited regions. Conservation has been often externally imposed on the local, rural communities, resulting in deprivation of their livelihoods and breaking up of their natural resources management traditions, but also in local opposition that threatens conservation outcomes. However, as rural livelihoods depend directly from their surrounding ecosystems, rural communities and conservation planners are argued to have substantial common interests. This study tries to understand the relationship between local communities and conservation authorities in order to create knowledge on how they could form partnerships and work together for natural resources management. This case study took place is Ranomafana National Park in South-Eastern Madagascar where several villages were visited in order to gain knowledge of conservation from the point of view of local communities. The case study follows ethnographic approach using qualitative, semi-structured interviews as the principal method of data collection. Employing a political ecology approach and looking at the institutional arrangements guiding conservation at the local, national and global levels and across formal and informal spheres, this study looks at the power relations in the current forms of co-management and the social impacts they have at the local level. Finally it tries to find out if any form of partnership is formed; if local people are able and willing to manage their natural resources in cooperation with conservation authorities. Although conservation has significant negative impacts on local livelihoods in Ranomafana region, in practice community participation to decision-making is very limited and the local people find it hard to get their voice heard. The results of the case study indicate that the main obstacle for co-management is the failure to respect the rights of local communities to equitable treatment, to recognition as stakeholders, and to participation in decision-making. The feeling of being disrespected creates resentment and mistrust towards conservation authorities. In these circumstances, economic incentives offered do not support community empowerment but rather create dependence from external help. Co-management activities can also enforce the existing inequalities at the local level if only the more powerful segments of communities are included. The case study also shows that local communities are important actors in conservation, able to challenge it – or support it if they view the rules as legitimate – but the actual community self-organising for conservation requires at least some authority over their surrounding ecosystem.

The financial crisis has strongly reflected the Finnish industrial structure. The economic downturn and the competition between enterprises has caused major structural reforms in the Finnish business market. Business activities and production facilities have been shut down or moved elsewhere. This has affected extensively the structural change areas, when the number of available jobs and local companies has decreased. The Ministry of Employment and the Economy created in 2007 an abrupt structural change model to help structural change regions, where a large company or industry has suddenly ceased operation and where workers are threatened with unemployment. The thesis has two main aims. The first is to find out, based on five regional case studies, what kind of experience the regional public actors have of the abrupt structural change model. The other aim is to clarify the public sector network and -structure in the structural change areas, as well as their power relationship and task division. As a result, the aim of the thesis is to create development proposals for the abrupt structural change model. The theoretical framework was based on the structural changes in general and on how creative destruction effects the regional and industrial survival in times of economic downturn. This perspective shows that regions and industries have to be innovative enough to survive the structural changes. The main aspect was on how public authorities try to affect the abrupt structural change areas and their industrial development, and how this effects creative destruction. The theoretical framework for regional development was cluster theory, whereby it was understood that regions which had diverse economic structure were able to protect themselves from regional changes better than regions which had one-sided economic structure. The thesis was made with qualitative research, where the methodological aspect was structuralistic regional geography. The material was collected from nine specialist interviews. The collected data was analyzed with qualitative evaluative research as well as with qualitative network analysis. The outcome was that the regional public sector network was based on regional development actors. The city, it's development or business corporation and the center for Economic Development, Transport and Environment, formed the active network for regional developmental work in structural change areas. The divisions of task were based on regional development law. The regional public sector actors' experiments of the abrupt structural change model turned out to be very similar between the five case studies. The expectations and difficulties faced in the experiments were found to be similar between the cases. All in all, the research areas have coped well with the structural change. The regional development activities started in the areas have developed the regions' main industries and also in some cases regional cluster development. The effect of creative destruction occurred in the case regions industries as new innovative production methods.

The purpose of this study is to take a look at the money transfer services and the social relations of immigrants using these services at the Helsinki Hämeentie area. The social networks are seen from the perspective of transnationalism. The study centers on migrants' social networks and especially the division of these networks into local and transnational relations. The study strives to discuss migration and transnational practices without categorization of state borders or ethnicity. The social life of migrants is examined locally as well as transnationally and their social life before and after the migration will be taken into account. Transnationalism consists of border crossing social formations and flows that create and sustain them. These flows include telephone calls, internet contact, social remittance, emotional ties, visits to the homeland, and regular exchange of remittance and goods. This study focuses on personal social practices maintaining transnational relationships. The number and intensitivity of transnational relations is taken into account in the evaluation of transnationalism's effects on social networks. The study was conducted as a case study in Hämeentie, Helsinki. Area's ethnic services were first explored by observation and discussions with staff. The main data consists of 18 interviews made in three money transfer locations. All customers using money transfer services were asked to participate in the study. The participants have moved to Finland from different countries, at different times and for different reasons. At the end of each interview a figure of interviewees social network was drawn, and these figures were used in the analysis of the interviews. All the participants have social relations in Finland as well as transnationally. On average the participants have more social relationships to friends locally than transnationally and more social relationships to family transnationally than locally. Majority of the participants have social relations also to other countries than Finland or their home country. When discussing about the local social networks the participants often highlighted relationships to ethnic Finns. Many of the participants told that most of their local social relations were with other immigrants and that they hoped for more contact with the Finns. Transnational relationships are maintained mainly by telephone and via the internet. Majority of the participants told that they keep contact at least weekly. For many participants the transnational social relations are part of everyday life. With the help of phone, Facebook, Skype, Twitter and e-mails they are constantly involved in the lives of friends and family living far away. Sending remittance is often regularity to those migrants, whose spouse or other close family member is living in another country. Although all of the participants have transnational contact to friends or family in another countries, only three of them told that they visit these countries. Transnationalism has been discussed in literature often as a community that stretches wider than to just friends and family. The participants from Hämeentie show a different kind of picture. Their social relations extends only to personal networks, mostly of friends and family. The results give a picture of migrants whose social relations to home country and elsewhere in the world are important but not the only or the most important part of their social life. Transnational practices are part of their everyday life but aren't the most important representative of their identity or behaviour.

The aim of this study was to find out, how newspapers present the Finnish countryside in the texts which tell about climate change. Media's representations affect the mental image of the countryside. That image is part of the rural area's imago and influence people's moving decisions and political resolutions. The methodological framework of the study is constructivism. It is seen that newspaper texts don't only present the world. Instead they also construct it. Previous studies have been done about the countryside's meanings in different medias like in magazines, television programs and films. This work's climate change viewpoint is new. The climate change is a new phenomenon that affects the rural areas directly and also indirectly via for example media. The first research question was how the countryside is seen in the newspaper texts about climate change. The second research question was to consider what kind of impacts those mental images have on the reality of the rural areas. The data consisted of the articles of the newspaper called Helsingin Sanomat in the years 1990–2012. The data was collected with the help of the electric search by using search words 'climate change' and 'countryside'. The proper data consisted of 82 articles. Most of them were published in the years 2005–2011 and there were both opinions and news. The texts were analyzed by the discourse analysis. In this study the discourse is seen as a way to speak or use language that presents the world from a certain viewpoint. Some of the discourses may become a hegemonic discourse and discourses have also potential impacts on the countryside. In this study discourses were searched by exploring the articles and by searching differences and similarities. Especially the inspection of the potential impacts contained much own speculation of the researcher. In the articles can be found five different discourses that are: possibilities of the countryside, the polluting countryside, the defence of the countryside, the ecological countryside and the vulnerability of the countryside. The first three are dominant. The possibilities of the countryside -discourse emphasizes the increasing role of the renewable energy in the rural areas. The polluting countryside -discourse highlights the emissions of the scattered settlement and private cars and questions the legitimacy of living on the countryside. The defence of the countryside -discourse tells that the rural areas are badly hit by the decisions of the climate policy. The ecological countryside -discourse presents that the people of rural areas respect the nature and live ecologically. The vulnerability of the countryside -discourse expresses how defenceless the rural areas are when extreme weather increases. The potential impacts of the hegemonic discourses are very divergent. The possibilities of the countryside -discourse, that is the most dominant, is encouraging relating to countryside's vitality and competitiveness. On the other hand, studies have stated that highlighting the old-fashionedness would create more attractive imago. The polluting countryside -discourse is the most negative. It doesn't create imago that would pull residents or entrepreneurs. The defence of the countryside -discourse justifies the living on the countryside but it also creates a passive imago. All in all, it can be said that the peripheral location may be more like a chance than a burden when climate is changing. The countryside offers space for a sustainable business and possibilities for people to live back-to-nature. On the other side, in the polluting countryside -discourse the matter is seen vice versa.

The west metro project has been one of the most controversial traffic issues in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. The extension of the metro line to Espoo has been on the table ever since the metro was introduced in Helsinki. The first part of the Helsinki metro was completed in 1982 and the line has been expanded various times since. However, plans to expand the metro line westward Espoo didn’t realised until 2006 when the traffic system decision was made by Espoo city council. The building of the west metro began in 2010. The aim of this master's thesis has been to study what kind of challenge has the west metro been in a regional land use and transport planning context. In addition, the objective of the research is to demonstrate what sort of development possibilities the west metro creates in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. West metro represents a case study that enables us to understand the complex interaction between transport and land use. The research method was based on analysis of qualitative data including literacy and theme interviews. The main objective of the theme interviews has been to demonstrate the difference of perception between Helsinki and Espoo in connection with the west metro. Moreover, the objective of the interviews has also been to sum up the strategic goals in local and regional context. Five interviews were performed which involved altogether seven persons. In addition, there were two professionals who sent their answers by email. According to the interviews and literature study it can be noted that the problematic of the west metro springs from different targets of city politics and urban planning between Helsinki and Espoo. Helsinki has preferred regional cooperation in favour of prosperous metropolitan area whereas Espoo has valued its independence and autonomy. The public transport in Espoo has been carried preferably by bus traffic. Metro, causing the notable intensification of land use, has seen undesirable in Espoo. Lack of political will and unclarity in state's portion to be financed for metro's building costs have also delayed the development of west metro. West metro is an important traffic project for the competitiveness of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. West metro promotes competition of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area and facilitates to control competition disadvantages caused by growth. West metro is linked to many development targets of land use, housing and transport: densifying land-use, intensifying housebuilding, enabling better accessibility to services and jobs, strengthen of business, improving public transport and reducing car traffic. West metro can be viewed as an example of the improvement in the regional co-operation between municipalities as well as an example of vulnerability of the cooperation based on voluntariness. In a symbolic way west metro can be seen as a sign of metropolis thinking which at its best ties different players to share a common target.

During the past few decades, online shopping has grown steadily and increased its share of all retail sales. As internet connections have become more common and the selection of available online services has diversified, an increasing number of consumers have started to purchase different products online. Buying online has many time-related benefits compared to traditional retail as it enables the consumer to make purchases whenever and wherever. Yet, online grocery retailing has been relatively small-scale in both Finland and abroad compared with other product categories. In the past few years, however, the competition has become more intense as the few dominant Finnish grocery retailers and several smaller businesses have developed their online business models. In this study, I focused on one of Finland's leading grocery retailers, Kesko, and the customers and spatial characteristics of its online grocery services. The aim of this study was to find out 1) whether the accessibility of services affects the choice between an online store and a physical retail outlet in the case of grocery retail, 2) whether the widely accepted socio-economic characteristics of typical online shoppers find evidence in the case of choosing online grocery retail over a physical store or the frequency of online purchases and 3) how Kesko's online grocery retail has spread in the Helsinki region during the couple of years it has been in operation and where its potential new market areas in the region are. The MetropAccess time-cost-matrix for the Helsinki Region was used for the accessibility calculations. Travel times were calculated from all inhabited cells in the area and only from Kesko's online store's customer cells to the closest Kesko grocery store and separately to the closest store when all grocery stores were taken into account in the Helsinki Region. In some previous studies, urban living environment and dense service network have been observed to increase the probability of being an online shopper whereas poor accessibility to services increases the intensity of online shopping. In other studies and national statistics data, a variety of socio-economic attributes have stood out as prominent characteristics of e-shoppers. These include: young age (age groups 25-34 and 35-39), higher education, student status and high income. In addition, I have included the percentage of underage children of a cell's inhabitants in the analyses as Kesko's own data points very clearly in the direction that families with children are an important customer group to online groceries. The socio-economic variables of the region's inhabitants were mostly drawn from HSY's SeutuCD 2015 and Tilastokeskus' Paavo zip code data. I made correlation analyses on the YKR-grid level where the other variables were 1) the percentage of online customer households proportioned to cell's population in the whole region and 2) the intensity of online shopping in customer cells proportioned to population, and the other variables were the socio-economic variables of the population and the travel-time accessibility of grocery stores. The statistically significant Spearman's correlation coefficients were not very high, but weak connections between variables could be found. Customership of the online grocery store correlates negatively with travel time accessibility and the intensity of online shopping correlates positively with accessibility, which is in line with previous findings in the literature. Of the socio-economic variables chosen for this study, the ones that correlate the most with online shopping are income (with shopping intensity) and the percentage of 25-34- year olds (with customership). Finally, I analysed some potential future areas for growth for Kesko's online grocery business in the Helsinki Region based on the previously mentioned socioeconomic variables and accessibility of grocery stores in the study area. One weakness of the study was the availability of detailed enough socio-economic data when compared to Kesko's own YKR grid-level customer data. Some of the socioeconomic variables where derived from larger spatial units such as zip codes, which weakens the reliability of the correlation analyses. However, the grid-level examination is quite coarse for the capital region as well, and especially in this case, when the customer dataset itself was quite small. The accessibility of grocery stores is relatively good in the whole study area, so the study might not bring out the impacts of accessibility of physical services to online shopping as explicitly as might really be the case if the study was carried out in an area or with product categories where physical accessibility varies more. Moreover, the study may not have sufficiently considered the special characteristics of online grocery retailing when compared with other product types. Due to the marginal status of online grocery retailing, it has not yet been studied extensively in research literature. The results, however, do partly support previous findings of the connections between specific socioeconomic variables and the accessibility of services, and the customership of online stores and the intensity of online shopping activities.

Traditional city planning has concentrated on auto-mobile flows since the 1930’s making urban areas sprawled and pedestrians as “second citizens”. This has led to widespread popular protests especially from the crowds of persons with impairments residing in cities. However, in recent decades, many cities around the world have shifted their infrastructure development to create better conditions for pedestrians and city life. One of the examples, where the urban environment is enhanced to enable the persons with impairments to fully be integrated in city life, is the Helsinki for all –project in the City of Helsinki. The aim in this research is to create a model for assessing the level of physical accessibility in urban environments. At the same time, the usability of the existing spatial data is evaluated. The aim is also to critically discuss social equality in urban context, and especially from the point of view of the rights of persons with mobility or functionality impairments. Therefore, the model is performed for three different pedestrian user groups to find out, if the level of physical accessibility differs between these groups. The aim is also to research the impact which various physical accessibility criteria have had in making the aspect of physical accessibility a more natural part of the planning process. The created Physical Accessibility Index, by which the current level of physical accessibility is assessed, is derived from the so-called 3D- and 6D models of Urban Structure. These models, and the physical accessibility criteria created by the Helsinki for all –project, are used as a theoretical framework in formulating the model for assessing the level of physical accessibility in the City of Helsinki. The 3D- and 6D models have been modified to take the aspect of physical accessibility into consideration, and the 8D model of physically accessible urban structure has been developed. This model includes the dimensions Density, Diversity, Design, Destination accessibility, Distance to transit, Demand, Declination and Discovery. Various methods have been used when analyzing the 8 dimensions in this 8D model. The analysis is performed for three areas in the City of Helsinki: Lauttasaari, Itäkeskus and Keski-Pasila. The research areas have been chosen to represent areas in which the aspect of physical accessibility has been considered in different phases in the development of these areas. Lauttasaari and Itäkeskus have been built during a time when there was not yet a comprehensive amount of physical accessibility criteria. In Keski-Pasila, on the contrary, the aspect of physical accessibility has been considered already in the local detailed land use plan. Out of these research areas, Lauttasaari and Itäkeskus provide existing spatial data, which has been acquired from open data sources and directly from the City of Helsinki. In the case of Keski-Pasila, which is currently under construction, the required data has been digitized from planning documents. The results show that the centers of the research areas in Lauttasaari and Itäkeskus have been developed and are built well from a physical accessibility point of view. The results show also that Keski-Pasila will in the future have a very good level of physical accessibility in all the new planned areas, if the areas are constructed according to the plans. There are big differences between the different pedestrian user groups in Lauttasaari and in Itäkeskus, but no visible differences between the groups were found in Keski-Pasila. It became clear when performing the analysis that the acquired data was not precise enough for making this kind of analysis. Big updates to the spatial data that the City of Helsinki administrates are therefore needed. Also, criteria for physical accessibility could not be found from literature or previous studies for every dimension, which influenced both the chosen methods and in results. Therefore, an expert group should define thresholds to special and basic level accessibility for each of the dimensions. However, the method itself seems to be suitable in analyzing the level of physical accessibility.

This article explores mode of gentrification in Bangladesh with specific focus on new-build gentrification in Chittagong city, from the perspective of gentrification in Asian cities. This research is the opening work in this study area as well in Bangladesh, where an overall image of gentrification has been depicted. Gentrification has been one of the long-debated issues of urban studies, though, most of these debates have been taken place regarding Anglo-American cities. While emerging literature indicates a ‘planetary gentrification’, most of them focused on Anglo-American cities, a very few researches have been conducted on many urban centers all over Asia, Africa, Latin America, and even in Eastern Europe. In case of southern gentrification, especially in Asian cities, new-build gentrification is very significant. Thus, the case study of this article is based on Bangladesh, and more specifically, a newly build luxurious area known as Khulshi Residential area of Chittagong metropolitan city. However, this work has also brought the issues being discussed in classical gentrification literature. This research used explorative studies and qualitative methods mainly. Additionally, quantitative analysis has also been used in minor extent. Qualitative part of the research was based on visual analysis, questionnaire survey and in-depth interview where, quantitative part includes the analysis of census and survey data, and graphical presentation of those data. From the analysis, it is strongly evident that the case study area is facing the gentrification process rapidly, where most of the notions of it indicate that new-build gentrification is prominent. Both state and private sector act jointly in gentrification process. State lay the foundation through road construction, provision of better service and other infrastructure and through the gentrification friendly policy. After that, private actors utilize those facilities and push the process further. The case study shows certain common characteristics of the main stream gentrification theory, which include intrusion of a new social class with higher economic power, an influx of investment in the real estate and luxury service sector in the selected area, the production of exclusive places for wealthy population in those areas, and so forth. Compared with other Asian cities, regional similarities - for instance, state-led gentrification and eviction, rapid privatization, use of public property for private use, highly influenced public policy by social elite, etc. are also visible. Additionally, Socio-spatial inequality is highly manifested in the gentrified area. Thus, certain localized characteristics are also evident. Both displacement and replacement are evident in the case study; however, displacement and eviction are more prominent than replacement. Economic capability is crucial to be the gentrifier than socio-demographic characteristics (for instance, age, family structure, social class, education etc.). Loss of public places and conversion of it into private use to benefit certain wealthy community is visible in the area. Along with that, segregation, in terms of social and economic, is the common feature with an emergence of gated community is in the area. However, since this research is the initial study in Bangladesh perspective, further in-depth study is required.