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The primary characteristic of urbanisation is the addition of hard surfaces to catchments, which affects water and habitat quality in urban streams and alters natural hydrological processes by reducing infiltration, evapotranpiration and efficiently conveying storm runoff to streams, gathering a variety of urban polluants along the way. This is typical of the 'urban stream syndrome'. Catchment imperviousness (especially Effective Impervious Area or percent connectivity) can be used as one of the primary indicators of the severity of this phenomenon. This research was initiated through a collaboration between the City of Helsinki and the University of Helsinki to determine the baseline water quality of Hakuninmaanoja, a small urban stream in Helsinki, Finland, and the imperviousness of its catchment, where a pilot ecological housing development 'Kuninkaantammi' (KUNTA) will be built beginning in 2013. The purpose of the project is to assess the current characteristics of the catchment prior to the development in the headwaters of the stream. An automatic water quality monitoring station was built on the lower part of the stream approximately 200m upstream of its junction with Mätäjoki, the second largest river of Helsinki. Water Sensitive Urban Design can be used as part of a holistic stormwater treatment train to limit newly created imperviousness, and minimise the connectivity of the necessary remainder, allowing stormwater runoff to be reused, infiltrated and treated through soil media, or slowed down enough to attenuate the urban hydrograph. Some of these features such as raingardens, green roofs and detention ponds will be included in the KUNTA development for this purpose. A detailed calculation of catchment imperviousness was completed via field survey and land use categorization methods. Total Impervious Area (TIA) was determined to be 22%, Effective Impervious Area 15% and catchment wide runoff coefficient given by land use categorisation method to be 0.32. TIA is expected to increase to 30% following development of KUNTA, however EIA is not expected to increase in proportion with TIA due to planned Water Sensitive Urban Design features. Yearly runoff volumes based on each method of calculating imperviousness were estimated, as well as for the future following KUNTA development. Water quality in the stream currently is quite satisfactory in relation to other streams in Helsinki, however the urban stream syndrome is already evident with particular concern regarding temperature, sediment and peak flow fluctuations. Effective Impervious Area should be used in urban planning of new and existing developments rather than TIA because it will give much greater accuracy of runoff volumes and infiltration rates by taking into account unconnected impervious surfaces. Strengthening local solutions to reduce connectivity should be a municipal priority. Water quality monitoring will continue at the site until after KUNTA has been built, and further research should focus on determining the technical performance of stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) at the site.

In recent years, the role of economic models in guiding government policy has provoked discussion as human wellbeing and the state of the environment are threatened by multiple sustainability challenges, most notably by the ecological sustainability crisis. The mainstream economic approach has received criticism since it has not been able to solve these challenges and thus, several alternative approaches in pursuit for a just and sustainable future have gained popularity both nationally and internationally. In this thesis I focus on the wellbeing economy concept in the Finnish welfare state in the early 2020s. Wellbeing economy was introduced in Finland by the Finnish Federation for Social Affairs and Wealth (SOSTE) in 2012 to highlight the interdependency of human wellbeing and economy. The concept has since been developed and realized by different actors of the society, but it is not yet that well-known among the public. To find out the potential role of this new economic approach in the transition towards sustainable welfare society, it is important to get a clear picture of how the concept is interpreted by its advocates. Therefore, in my case study, I examined the expert narratives of wellbeing economy. My main research question is: What does the concept of wellbeing economy mean in Finland in the early 2020s? This question is complemented by two sub-questions: 1) What are the shared contents and practices associated with wellbeing economy? and 2) What are the key differences between different conceptions of wellbeing economy? The underlying disagreements in theory and in practice of wellbeing economy might impact the integrity of the concept even if the concept formulation of wellbeing economy seems consistent. I conducted seven (7) semi-structured expert interviews from five (5) different organizations during the spring 2021. The interviews were thematically analysed with a focus on the memes of neoliberal narratives and the memes of alternative narratives as well as the conflicting memes in alternative narratives. In this study, a meme is defined as the structural component of a narrative. Finally, I identified similarities and differences in these building blocks of wellbeing economy narratives between different experts. I found that there were more shared memes than differences in the experts’ conceptions of wellbeing economy. Most of the interviewees mentioned memes of neoliberal narrative. All the interviewees mentioned the alternative narrative memes connected networks, sustainability, cooperation with others, and human dignity, prosperity, and wellbeing. Most of them also considered the Covid-19 pandemic as an opportunity in crisis. However, the meme a new economic system created the greatest division in the interpretations of wellbeing economy. In conclusion, some interviewees supported the neoliberalism more clearly while others opposed this narrative, and the rest were not clearly for or against the growth-agenda. The ambiguity of the concept especially in terms of economic growth should be further discussed in addition to specifying, for instance, what is meant by sustainability and wellbeing in wellbeing economy. Further research is also needed to find out how the discussion about wellbeing economy concept will develop in Finland and internationally.

Tiivistelmä Referat – Abstract One of the major fundamental ecological questions is the composition of a species diet. The diet of a species is crucially linked to finding out its environmental requirements, and information about the possible changes in the diet is needed when studying the impact of environmental changes such as climate change on species. Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans), classified as endangered in Finland, is a species living in coniferous and mixed forests. More precise information about the dietary habits of the species is needed to support conservation. The aim of my thesis was to investigate the diet composition and diet diversity of adult flying squirrels using DNA barcoding of their excrement pellets, a technique that provides highly accurate information quickly and effectively. The main research questions were whether the diet varies between sexes and seasons, whether diet has an influence on body condition and breeding success of the females, and whether diet diversity is related to the amount of suitable forest habitat near the nests. We collected faecal samples from 51 different flying squirrel individuals from two different study areas near the cities of Vaasa and Pietarsaari in June of 2020. Another set of samples from 8 individuals was collected in November 2020 in Vaasa. The collected samples were sent to a laboratory in Turku, where the DNA barcoding was conducted. I then made further statistical analyses from the laboratory results using general linear models to test my study questions. Although the sample size was too small to obtain statistically significant results for all the research questions, my results indicated that the diet of the Siberian flying squirrel differs between males and females just like its other living habits. Male flying squirrels have more diverse diet than female flying squirrels which have more specific and narrow diet, as they also have smaller home ranges during the breeding season and are more linked to their nesting forest patch compared to males. The aspect that female flying squirrels are more specialists during breeding time is crucial for the species conservation planning. DNA barcoding studies with bigger sample sizes should be done to further investigate the relationship between diet diversity and individual’s body condition and to ascertain the statistical significance to the results of this study.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic autoimmune disease, with recurring inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Although the actual cause of the disease is still unknown, many molecular and underlying pathways have been discovered. Infliximab (IFX) is an effective and safe antibody medication that specifically targets the cytokine protein TNF-α. This medication is given to IBD patients who do not respond to other conventional drugs and who face the final step of surgery. However, around 30 % of IBD patients do not respond to this medication at all and another 50 % either lose the effect over time, or need to discontinue the medication due to severe side effects. Therefore, it would be important to find a biomarker that could predict the outcome of the medication. In this study, 73 IBD patients have given blood samples both before and three months after the start of IFX medication. From these blood samples the RNA was extracted and sequenced to get the transcriptome profiles. The aim of this study is to find novel biomarkers, that could be used as a predictive tool for the outcome of the medication. Seven significantly differentially expressed genes were found before IFX treatment initiation between responders and non-responders of the medication. Additionally, a clear effect from the IFX medication was seen in the transcriptome profiles.

Knowledge co-production has become increasingly popular and even ‘buzzed’ notion in sustainability sciences. It is being applied in various contexts and for myriad of purposes under different, even partially contradicting rationales, yet it is often expected to contribute better to the sustainable transformation of society than normal science. One of the uniting elements in different understandings and applications of ‘knowledge co-production’ is the involvement of the extra-scientific actors in the research process. This implies changes in the conventional roles and relationship between science and society, that raise new questions about the autonomy and accountability of science. This master’s thesis studies knowledge co-production in higher education context and, more specifically, in the case of the HELSUS Co-Creation lab 2019-2020, and critically explores the notion of co-production in sustainability sciences. The dynamics, relationship, and roles between the scientific and extra-scientific actors within the Co-Creation lab are the specific interest in this qualitative case study that is primarily based on 12 semi-structured interviews of the lab participants analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The study shows how the dynamics between the master’s level students and the partners from the private and public sectors had features that resembled to some extent commissioned research type of roles, task coordination and interdependencies, however, it also contained significant characteristics that distinguished it from pure commission type of dynamics, as the autonomy of the student was greater, the control of the partner over the knowledge production process was lesser and the accountability of the students to the partners was more indirect and softer. The similarities between the application of knowledge co-production in the HELSUS Co-Creation lab and the co-production by the logic of accountability are highlighted and critical questions concerning instrumental forms of co-production, logic of accountability, usefulness of knowledge and scientific autonomy are discussed. More critically reflective approaches towards co-production are called for.

Ecophysiology and ecology in plants are strongly affected by the conditions surrounding them. Adaptation aids plants to survive and to succeed in the prevailing conditions. Winter is a challenge to plants, particularly in northern latitudes and higher altitudes, because it exposes plants to cold and drought, for example. Plants survive from winter on species level with the help of genetic adaptations and as individuals also with the help of acclimation. Woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) has been observed to grow separate winter leaves. This allows it to continue photosynthesis in mild conditions during winter, thus improving its energy balance, and to start growing earlier than other species in the spring, which is beneficial in interspecific competition. Fragaria vesca is a species that has wide distribution in the northern hemisphere, and its genotypes are found from very different locations and conditions. However, adaptive traits such as producing a new set of leaves for winter can turn out to be a disadvantage if environmental conditions change rapidly. Climate change brings about changes that are difficult to predict, and these changes are advancing at a fast pace when compared to the developmental history of plants. The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of temperature on summer and winter leaf development, stolon formation and summer and winter leaf chlorophyll, flavonol and anthocyanin content in different Fragaria vesca genotypes. Leaf chlorophyll and secondary compound content give information about leaf development and stress reactions in plants. Plants are known to produce anthocyanins in order to protect the photosynthetic apparatus during chlorophyll recovery in leaf senescence. Anthocyanins are also produced as a response to low temperatures. Research increases knowledge of the ecophysiological and winter ecology-related processes in Fragaria vesca and in the commercially valuable Rosacea-family as well as provides information about the possible responses of these organisms to climate change. Material for the study consisted of twelve European Fragaria vesca genotypes, which had originally been collected from five countries: Norway, Finland, Germany, Italy and Spain. The genotypes had been collected from different latitudes, and they also expressed altitudinal differences. In this study, these genotypes were kept in two temperature treatments, warm (+16°C) and cold (+11°C/six weeks, after which +6°C/four weeks) at a greenhouse. Leaf development was studied by measuring summer and winter leaf middle leaflet width and length, and petiole length. Stolons from each plant individual were counted on a weekly basis and observations about stolon production in relation to the timing of summer leaf senescence and winter leaf development were made at the same time. Leaf chlorophyll and secondary compound content was measured with a Dualex-meter, which provided values for chlorophyll, flavonol and anthocyanin content. The underlying assumption was that cold temperature would induce winter leaf development and summer leaf senescence. The results show that there were differences in summer leaf size between genotypes. Winter leaves had differences between genotypes, but also within genotypes at different temperature treatments. Stolon count was lower and stolon production ceased slightly earlier in the cold treatment. Moreover, summer leaf chlorophyll content decreased in both treatments, but the summer leaves senesced earlier in the warm room. Summer leaf flavonol and anthocyanin values were generally higher in the cooler temperature treatment. Anthocyanins were also produced by winter leaves in the cooler temperature treatment. Based on the results, Fragaria vesca genotypes had differences related to their origin, but temperature also had an effect on winter leaf development, stolon production and the production of secondary compounds. The effect of cold temperature on the size of developing winter leaves was clear. In the cooler temperature treatment, the winter leaves were smaller than in the warmer treatment. The anthocyanin content of summer leaves was higher than in the winter leaves, and the summer leaf anthocyanin content was higher in the colder temperature treatment, where the stress related to the photosynthetic apparatus and low temperatures was combined. Nevertheless, lower temperature did not explain all the responses observed in the genotypes of the study, and thus it is likely that acclimation and winter leaf development in Fragaria vesca are affected by some other factor in addition to temperature, e.g. light regime. A possible continuation for this work would be to study the effect of light conditions or milder winters on winter leaf development in Fragaria vesca genotypes and on the physiology of the species.

Heterotrophic bacteria are essential for carbon cycling in water ecosystems as they bind dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the biomass and return it to the classical food chain through microbial loop. The treated wastewater from Viikinmäki wastewater treatment plant is discharged to the Gulf of Finland where it increases the quantity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water and furthermore can be an extra energy source for heterotrophic bacteria. There are not yet further studies how the heterotrophic bacteria exploit DOM in the treated wastewater or a monitoring programme for DOC concentrations in the wastewater treatment plants. DOC is the limiting factor for heterotrophic bacteria growth in the Gulf of Finland in the summer. As the bacteria exploit DOC, they consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide. DOM compounds may also diminish light penetration in water which can inhibit the growth and photosynthesis of phytoplankton and macrophytes. The aim of this thesis was to find out 1) the DOC concentrations in the treated wastewater and DOC load in the treated wastewater discharged to the the Gulf of Finland from Viikinmäki wastewater treatment plant, 2) the biodegradability of DOC and DOP in the treated wastewater and 3) how the disc filter about to be used in Viikinmäki wastewater treatment plant affects the quantity and quality of DOC and DOP in the treated wastewater. The DOC load entering the Gulf of Finland with the treated wastewater was quantified by measuring the DOC concentrations in the treated wastewater during the spring and summer 2014. The DOC concentrations correlated positively with chemical oxygen demand (COD) which is regularly measured in wastewater treatment plants. By dividing the COD with 3,66, the DOC concentrations were successfully estimated for a longer period. In order to evaluate the biological degradability of DOC and DOP in the wastewater effluent, treated wastewater was incubated (+15 °C) for two months with surface water heterotrophic bacteria from the Gulf of Finland and changes in DOC concentrations, the biological oxygen demand and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were measured. Furthermore the heterotrophic bacteria were incubated for one month in disc filtered wastewater effluent and also in regularly treated wastewater to find out the effect of the new filter on DOM quantity and quality. The yearly DOC load from Viikinmäki wastewater treatment plant to the Gulf of Finland was estimated to be about 1460 tons which is approximately one fifth of the annual DOC load from River Vantaanjoki. The ratio between DOC and COD concentrations calculated here can only be used to quantify the amount of DOC load from Viikinmäki wastewater treatment plant and similar ratio must be calculated individually for every point source. The biodegradability of DOC in the treated wastewater was equally low to the biodegradability of DOC in River Vantaanjoki. The quantity of DOC bound to the bacterial biomass was rather low and the amount of DOC lost via respiration was relatively high. Accordingly the DOC in Viikinmäki wastewater effluent does not become efficiently available to higher trophic levels. The disc filter has the potential to remove DOC and DOP from treated wastewater which would decrease the DOC and DOP load significantly in the Gulf of Finland. The disc filter decreased DOC concentrations 14 % in comparison to regularly treated wastewater. The disc filter didn't affect the quality of DOC, i.e. there was no difference in the biological degradability of DOC between the two wastewater treatment processes. However the disc filter was possibly able to remove the biologically available part of DOP from treated wastewater but the issue still needs further investigation.

Education for sustainability has come to be seen as an important part of achieving the sustainability goals, also in universities. However, the challenge for sustainability education is that sustainability is an ever-changing and highly complex concept. One theoretical approach for studying the learning of such complex concepts and phenomena is the conceptual change research tradition. The theory of conceptual change stems from the constructivist approach to learning, according to which learning takes place by modifying and completing existing knowledge structures. Sometimes these prior knowledge structures of the learner conflict with scientific knowledge, and in order to reach a new understanding, the learner has to change and reorganize their existing conceptions. With a new conception comes a whole new way of understanding a phenomenon, as related concepts take on new meanings. The process described above is called conceptual change. This thesis studied what kind of conceptions university students had about sustainability before the University of Helsinki's Sustainability Course (SUST-001, 3 cr) in autumn 2021, and how these conceptions had changed after the course. In addition, we investigated whether there were differences between students in human and natural science-oriented disciplines in the above-mentioned aspects. Conceptions were investigated using a baseline and endline measurement design. The study sample was students enrolled in a sustainability course at the University of Helsinki (N = 109). The data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on the results, the students' perceptions were quite narrow at the beginning of the course, although the responses showed that most students came to the course with some prior knowledge of sustainability. In addition, three narrow conceptions similar to misconceptions of the conceptual change were identified from the initial survey: ecology-limited, anthropocentric and weak sustainability conceptions. In the final measurement, students' perceptions of sustainability improved and, in particular, students' understanding of the different dimensions of sustainability, the interlinkages between them and the complex nature of sustainability in general increased. About half of the narrow conceptions also changed, although the anthropocentric conception was slightly more persistent. In the cross-disciplinary analysis, attention was drawn to the tendency of students in natural science-oriented disciplines to change their narrow view in comparison to students in human science-oriented disciplines. Based on the results, the Sustainability course can be seen as successful in teaching many of the key contents of the concept of sustainability. There were also indications of conceptual change. However, there is a need to further develop the course and to integrate sustainability more broadly into the different educational programs. Furthermore, it is very important to continue to study the success of this integration and of sustainability education also in the future.

Suurin osa kulutuksen ympäristövaikutuksista tulee kolmelta osa-alueelta: asumisesta, liikkumisesta ja ruokailusta. Ruokailun merkitys suomalaisen kuluttajan ympäristövaikutuksissa on keskeinen, sillä reilu kolmasosa suomalaisen kuluttajan kaikista ympäristövaikutuksista aiheutuu ruuasta. Mahdollisuuksia pienentää ruokailun ympäristövaikutuksia pohdittiin ympäristöministeriön järjestämissä Suomen Kestävän kulutuksen ja tuotannon ohjelman uudistamisprosessiin liittyvissä asiantuntijatyöpajoissa. Tämän tutkimuksen taustalla on työpajoissa syntynyt ehdotus siitä, että ruokailun ympäristövaikutukset huomioitaisiin Valtion ravitsemusneuvottelukunnan lautasmallissa. Raaka-ainevalinnat ovat ratkaisevassa roolissa ruokailun ympäristövaikutusten muodostumisessa, sillä raaka-aineet ovat aterioiden tärkeimmät kuormituslähteet. Ravitsemussuosituksista tutun lautasmallin mukaisen aterian eri osien sisällä voidaan tehdä ympäristömyötäisiä ruokavalintoja ilman, että aterian ravintoarvo tai tasapaino kärsii. Tässä tutkimuksessa ympäristömyötäisiä ruokavalintoja tarkastellaan kuluttajan näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, minkälaisia käsityksiä kuluttajilla on ympäristömyötäisistä ruokavalinnoista ja miten kuluttajat suhtautuvat ympäristölautasmalleihin, jotka ottavat huomioon ravinnon terveysvaikutusten ohella myös ruuan ympäristövaikutukset. Tutkimuskysymysten avulla pyritään muodostamaan käsitys myös siitä, voisivatko ympäristölautasmallit edistää ympäristömyötäisten ruokavalintojen toteutumista tavallisen kuluttajan arkielämässä. Tutkimuksen on tarkoitus tuottaa Valtion ravitsemusneuvottelukunnalle suuntaa antavaa tietoa siitä, minkälaisia ennakkokäsityksiä kuluttajilla on ympäristömyötäiseen ruokavalioon liittyen ja, minkälaisia näkemyksiä ruokavalintojen ympäristövaikutusten huomioiminen lautasmalleissa herättää kuluttajissa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen tutkimus. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla kuluttajia kolmessa ryhmähaastattelussa. Aineiston analysoinnissa käytettiin apuna teemoittelua. Haastateltavat suhtautuivat ympäristömyötäisiin ruokavalintoihin ja ympäristölautasmalleihin varsin myönteisesti, mutta ympäristömyötäiset ruokavalinnat herättivät myös ristiriitaisuuden ja hämmennyksen tunteita. Vanhemmat ja nuoremmat kuluttajat myös hahmottivat ympäristömyötäiset ruokavalinnat jossain määrin eri tavoin. Haastateltavat kokivat kuluttajien ruokavalinnat merkityksellisiksi ruokailuun liittyvien ympäristövaikutusten pienentämisessä, mutta tunsivat erilaisten tekijöiden ohjaavan ja rajoittavan valintoja. Haastatteluaineiston perusteella voidaan muodostaa käsitys toimintaympäristöstä, jossa erilaiset rakenteet luovat puitteet kuluttajien käyttäytymiselle. Ympäristölautasmallit koettiin hyväksi keinoksi lisätä kuluttajien tietoisuutta ruokavalintojen merkityksestä ilmastonmuutoksen hillitsemisessä ja muiden haitallisten ympäristövaikutusten vähentämisessä. Ympäristömyötäisten ruokavalintojen yleistymistä ei kuitenkaan voida jättää yksinomaan kuluttajien valintojen varaan, vaan yhteiskunnan eri tahojen muodostama tukiverkosto ympäristölautasmalleille koettiin esisijaisen tärkeäksi. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää ympäristölautasmallien suunnitteluprosessissa sekä muissa yhteyksissä, joissa kehitetään keinoja viestiä ruokavalintojen ympäristövaikutuksista kuluttajille.