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Browsing by study line "Globaali kestävyys"

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  • Kaivosoja, Arttu (2021)
    Planning process for the Arctic Railway was initiated by the Ministry of Transport and Communications in 2017 and lasted until early 2019. The proposed railway line would cut through the homeland of the indigenous Sámi, which received harsh criticism from the Sámi Parliament for its adverse effects on the traditional Sámi culture and livelihood, both protected by the Constitution of Finland. In this thesis the claims of these two actors are analysed using the Justification theory and Justification analysis to gain insight into the underlying justifications that were used to either oppose or support the Arctic Railway. The results will also illuminate how the MTC’s use of justifications resulted in the constitutional rights of the indigenous Sámi being disregarded during the planning process. At the end of this thesis the reader should have a greater understanding of the Arctic Railway’s planning process, the main arguments and justifications of the two key actors, and how they were used to either resist or support the railway’s construction.
  • Turunen, Iina (2023)
    Finland is committed to sustainable development work, which is guided by the global UN sustainable development action program Agenda2030. The program aims in broad sustainable development work and recognizes cities as key actors in achieving the goals. In Finland, the Commitment2050 online database serves as a tool for achieving the goals of sustainable development. In the website, different actors, including cities and municipalities, commits to operational commitments which require concrete action that promotes sustainability. The purpose of this work is to examine what kind of sustainable development commitments cities and municipalities have made on the “Commitment2050” -website. The thesis aims to create an overall picture of the operational commitments of cities and municipalities. In addition, the thesis highlights what kind of follow-up has been done regarding the commitments and how the actors have evaluated the implementation of the goals of their commitments. The study examined a total of 209 commitments made by cities and municipalities from between the years 2013 and 2022. Monitoring commitments is important so assessment of sustainability implementation can be made. Surprisingly, the study found that a significant proportion of commitments had done no follow-up at all. The actors who had done the monitoring had assessed the fulfillment of the objectives in a very diverse way, which made it difficult to draw conclusions. Thus, deeper knowledge is needed on the commitments implementation.
  • Sellman, Oona (2021)
    Several studies have stated that social media has the potential to promote sustainable lifestyles. The purpose of this master’s thesis was to study the contents made by “eco-influencers” who make video blogs about sustainable lifestyles on YouTube. This thesis investigated what topics eco-influencers' videos deal with and what kind of means of argumentation are used. The theoretical background included research on sustainable lifestyles and consumption as well as the potential role of social media in promoting sustainable lifestyles. The study was conducted as a qualitative study and the video material was collected from YouTube according to criteria defined by the researcher. The channels of 20 influencers were selected for the final data. From each channel 1-2 videos were selected. At the end, a total of 39 videos were selected. The material was selectively transcribed, and that text served as the basis for the data-driven content analysis. The results show that the contents of the videos emphasize sustainable consumption and responsibility, especially individual responsibility. However, the videos had only a little content about the three most important aspects of a sustainable lifestyle: housing, mobility, and food. According to eco-influencers, sustainable lifestyles are closely linked to the concept of well-being. Sustainable consumption was considered a very important aspect of sustainable living. Eco-influencers mainly use their own experience, opinions, and comparison as a means of argumentation in their videos. Often the arguments were not substantiated with many scientific references. The results suggest that eco-influencers perceive complex sustainability themes as important but want to communicate them in a way that even laypeople understand. This will also make it easier for more non-experts to approach the matter and change their lifestyles. Justifying arguments with opinions and personal experiences can be based on the personal, even entertaining, format of the video blog, or on the fact that experiential knowledge or expertise is valued in social media. Based on the contents of the videos examined in this study, it seems unlikely that they would contribute to great lifestyle changes.
  • Koutonen, Heini (2018)
    Globaali väestönkasvu ja lisääntyvä kulutus ovat johtamassa muiden ongelmien ohella luonnonvarojen ehtymiseen ja maa- ja vesiekosysteemien saastumiseen. Eräs tapa ratkaista näitä ongelmia on siirtyä kohti resurssitehokkaampaa kiertotalousperiaatteiden mukaista luonnonvarojen käyttöä. Sekä taloudellisten ohjauskeinojen kautta syntyvät kannustimet että yritysten oma aloitteellisuus ovat keskeisiä kiertotalouden mukaisiin toimintatapoihin siirtyessä. Kokonaisvaltaisen muutoksen edistymistä helpottavat konkreettiset kiertotalouden indikaattorit ja mittaustavat. Ramboll Finland Oy:n ja Luonnonvarakeskuksen luoma alueellinen resurssivirtamalli huomioi kattavasti sekä raha- että materiaalimääräisten resurssien liikkeet tarkastelualueella. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on laajentaa kyseistä mallia ottamaan huomioon myös yksittäisen yrityksen näkökulma. Tutkimuksessa noudatettiin konstruktiivista lähestymistapaa, jossa luotiin alueelliseen resurssivirtamalliin uusi ulottuvuus yritystason analyysin muodossa. Keskeisenä menetelmänä käytettiin alueellista ympäristölaajennettua panos-tuotosanalyysiä. Tutkielmassa kehitettiin teoreettinen yritystasolle laajennettu alueellinen resurssivirtamalli, jonka toimintaa testattiin numeerisesti Lapin maakunnan kattavasti käyttäen esimerkkiyrityksenä kuvitteellista paperiteollisuuden yritystä. Muodostettuun malliin kytkettiin kiertotaloutta edistäviä taloudellisia ohjauskeinoja, joita olivat maa-ainesvero, vedenottovero, vedenkäyttövero, sekä arvonlisäverokannan lasku valituilla toimialoilla. Lisäksi tutkittiin yrityksen oma-aloitteista muutosta energianlähteiden käytössä. Mallilla pystyttiin havainnollistamaan, kuinka alueen raha- ja materiaalimääräiset resurssivirrat muuttuvat uuden yrityksen tullessa alueelle. Lisäksi muodostetun mallin avulla pystyttiin tarkastelemaan kiertotaloustoimien vaikutuksia sekä yrityksen että aluetalouden raha- ja materiaalimääräisiin resurssivirtoihin. Tutkielman tulosten mukaan ohjauskeinojen vaikutukset sekä yrityksen että alueen talouteen jäivät varsin pieniksi. Ympäristövaikutusten mallinnuksessa huomattiin, että mallin jatkokehittelyssä tulee tehdä rahamääräisen kokonaistuotannon irtikytkentä ympäristövaikutuksista todenmukaisempien tulosten saamiseksi. Vastaava malli voidaan tutkielmassa käytetyllä menettelyllä muodostaa kuvaamaan haluttua aluetta ja siihen voidaan kytkeä minkä tahansa yrityksen tiedot.
  • Virtanen, Mimmi (2024)
    We have long been invited to engage in climate action in different forums, without specifying what is actually expected of us to solve the accelerating climate crisis. Traditionally, individual citizens have only been seen as consumers in climate action. Although citizen participation in climate work has also been studied more and more in recent years, there is a little research on how citizens themselves perceive their own role in climate action. Climate action at local level and small municipalities, as smaller administrative units, could also provide better opportunities to support individuals in their own climate actions. In this thesis, I examine the climate agency and participation of residents in local climate action through their perceived roles and means of participation. I am conducting a review at the level of one small Finnish municipality by carrying out a qualitative case study. The case municipality is Kokemäki in the Satakunta region, with a population of about 7000. My research questions are (1) how the municipal representatives and local residents perceive the roles of the municipality and local residents in local climate action, and (2) what means are identified by municipal representatives and local residents to strengthen the climate agency of local residents. The research material consists of thematic interviews of the municipal representatives, group discussions of the residents and a survey conducted for the residents. As a method of analysis, I have used qualitative content analysis. The results show that municipal representatives and local residents have a similar perception of the roles, even though there are differences. In total, six different roles were identified for the municipality, and communication as a cross-cutting role. A key finding is that local residents perceived their own role more active than the municipal representatives did. A total of five roles were outlined for the residents, two of which emerged mainly in the experiences of the residents: the role to support each other and the role to activate the municipality to act. The roles of the municipality and the residents are strongly linked, and instead of looking individual means to support climate agency, it might be useful for small municipalities to shift the examination more strongly to their own role in relation to the residents. The development of communication and interaction is a key means of supporting climate agency. In addition to communication based on positive tone and examples in particular, the need for encounter and discussion emerged. Discussions with local residents, also on the topic of climate change, could bring new knowledge, understanding and ideas to the municipality, and at the same time provide a forum for communicating the importance of climate action, which also supports sustainable choices in everyday life. Strengthening the experience of working together increases the potential for self-motivated action and also enables peer learning and interaction between residents. The desire to take care of one's own home region could also support local climate action, as long as the objectives and actions are set at a local scale.
  • Aro, Maija (2023)
    The climate political passivity of recent history, dire consequences predicted by climate scientific scenarios, and urgent climate reports emphasize the existential threat posed by the climate crisis. With a lack of consensus on widely accepted solutions, humanity faces increasingly uncertain futures. The shadow of a bleak climate dystopia has led to the interpretation that utopias are missing from climate policy and discourse. This reflects society's challenges in imagining and constructing alternative, functional future perspectives in the context of the climate issue. In my thesis, I examine the extent to which two actors of the new generation climate movement, Elokapina and Operaatio Arktis articulate utopias and dystopias to promote goals and discussions on systemic change and the adoption of climate repair technologies. The material for my thesis consists mainly of content produced by Elokapina and Operaatio Arktis, primarily published on social media platforms and public speeches. Since language is a crucial tool in creating imaginaries, I employ rhetorical discourse analysis to answer my research questions. The rhetorical emphasis in discourse analysis particularly supports my effort to answer the question of how utopias and dystopias are articulated. I extend my interpretation to the performativity, materiality, and prefigurativeness of imaginaries to provide a comprehensive perspective on presenting utopias and dystopias. The most significant findings of my thesis are summarized in three key observations. First, although based on my material Elokapina and Operaatio Arktis shared a common concern about the seriousness of the climate crisis and used partly similar rhetoric, the actors significantly differed in describing the current dystopia and, especially, in presenting utopias. Second, the use of dystopias in Extinction Rebellion's rhetoric did not mean a suppression of utopian expression. Utopias were a significant tool for Elokapina, serving as critical counter-images to the present and being performed in the principles, values, and practices of Extinction Rebellion quite extensively. Additionally, utopias materialized as practical proposals. In this way, Elokapina directed systemic change towards a more sustainable and just direction. Therefore, I interpreted Elokapina regarding utopias as prefigurative, i.e., an actor whose actions practically live out utopias. Third, Operaatio Arktis's rhetoric lacked utopias entirely, with dystopias serving as a significant tool as the actor framed the risks associated with the adoption of climate correction technologies. Operaatio Arktis did not accept catastrophic consequences pointing to a future dystopia that would be avoidable with the current range of methods and through the use of climate repair technologies. Examining utopias and dystopias in the rhetoric of Elokapina and Operaatio Arktis helped to highlight how imaginaries can act as powerful and versatile tools in the actions of the new generation climate movement. They motivated action, raised awareness, and enabled discussions about significant themes related to the root causes and solutions of the climate crisis. Therefore, the results of my thesis are quite intriguing.
  • Posio, Seriina (2024)
    The planetary health approach emphasizes the interconnectedness between human health and natural systems. Urban planners also have the opportunity to promote planetary health through their work by reducing the negative environmental impacts of planning solutions and by increasing decisions that support residents' health and wellbeing. Numerous studies have shown that nature promotes human physical, mental, and social health, underscoring the importance of accessible nearby nature, especially in growing cities. This thesis examines urban planning in the city of Lahti from the perspective of planetary health. The study aims to investigate how nearby nature and its health and wellbeing effects, particularly for children and young people, have been considered and identified in land use planning. Additionally, the goal is to determine how conflicting land use interests are prioritized in decision-making. The research material consists of interviews with officials from the Lahti Urban Environment service area, and the data is analyzed with qualitative content analysis and thematization. The results indicate that nearby nature is perceived as an important part of Lahti's urban structure. Urban greenspaces and nearby nature areas are most concretely taken into account by zoning them as green areas in general and detailed plans. Furthermore, urban planning utilizes surveys of nearby nature conducted in early childhood education institutions and schools to ensure accessibility of nearby nature for children and adolescents. The appreciation of Lahti's planners, nature-friendly organizational culture, functional planning practices, and the recognition of the city's environmental efforts support the preservation of nearby nature areas in the urban structure. However, green areas without zoning are constantly at risk of being allocated for other land use purposes in a growing city. Planners describe their work as a continual search for compromises between conflicting desires, goals, and land use interests. They hold a central position of power and responsibility in making sustainable planning decisions, which can also be guided by planners' own values, attitudes, and expertise. Systems thinking required by planetary health approach along with research findings on the health and wellbeing effects of nearby nature, should be more effectively integrated into urban planning, political decision-making, and public discourse. Although this study focuses on planners in one city, it offers interesting insights into effective urban planning practices and current challenges within the framework of planetary health.
  • Haapanen, Aku (2022)
    Ilmastonmuutoksen torjuminen edellyttää ihmiskunnalta määrätietoisia toimia fossiilisten polttoaineiden käytön lopettamiseksi kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen lopettamiseksi. Yksi tärkeimmistä kysymyksistä ratkaistavaksi on yhä enenevissä määrin kehittyneeseen teknologiaan nojautuvien ihmisyhteisöjen energiansaannin varmistaminen. Ydinvoimaa pidetään luotettavana, tehokkaana ja ennen kaikkea jo olemassa olevana ratkaisuna käsillä olevan energiamurroksen toteuttamiseksi. Kaikki teknologiat ovat kuitenkin poliittisia ja ydinvoima ehkä kaikista teknologioista eniten mielipiteitä jakava. Toisaalta lupaus ainakin päällisinpuolin yksinkertaisesta ja tehokkaasta teknologisesta ratkaisusta puhuttelee monia. Toisaalta ydinvoiman käyttöön ja käyttöön ottoon liittyy suuria epävarmuustekijöitä, kuten rakentamisen hinta, ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutukset voimaloiden toimintaan ja suurvaltapoliittiset siirrot maailmanpolitiikan pelilaudalla. Tämä tutkielma ottaa selvää, kuinka ydinvoiman rooliin energiamurroksen ajurina suhtaudutaan Suomessa ja Ranskassa – kahdessa vauraassa, ydinvoimaa paljon hyödyntävässä Euroopan unionin jäsenmaassa. Aineistona on käytetty suomalaisen Helsingin Sanomat ja ranskalaisen Le Monde päivittäin ilmestyvien sanomalehtien ilmastonmuutosta ja ydinvoimaa käsitteleviä pääkirjoituksia. Analysoidut kirjoitukset ovat Pariisin ilmastosopimuksen ja vuoden 2021 lokakuun väliseltä ajalta. Lähtökohtani on, että Suomen ja Ranskan tärkeimmät sanomalehdet käyttävät aktiivisesti valtaa vaikuttaakseen lukijoidensa suhtautumiseen. Näin ollen Le Monde ja Helsingin Sanomat tarjoavat yhden ikkunan, jonka kautta tarkastella myös laajemmassa asiayhteydessä suomalais ja ranskalaista energia- ja ilmastopolitiikkaa. Käsiteltävät maat ovat monella tapaa samanlaisia, mutta poikkeavat myös paljon toisistaan, mikä näkyy myös maiden ydinvoimakannoissa. Ranska on entinen suurvalta, jonka ydinvoimaloilla on selvä merkitys suurvalta-aseman edes osittaiseksi palauttamiseksi. Suomi on sodan hävinnyt, todella nopeasti teollistunut maa, jolle alusta asti rauhanomainen ydinvoima on vipuvarsi oman teollisen tuotannon edistämiseksi. Analyysissä käy ilmi, että sanomalehdissä ydinvoimaan – sekä energiamurrokseen yleisesti – suhtaudutaan eri tavoilla Ranskassa ja Suomessa. Ranskassa korostuu sosiaalisen oikeudenmukaisuuden merkitys pysyvien ilmastoratkaisujen saavuttamiseksi, kun taas Suomessa pääkirjoituksia värittää ennen kaikkea markkinaorientoitunut tehokkuusajattelu. Suhtautuminen ydinvoimaan on myös erilainen. Ranskassa korostetaan ydinvoimaan liittyviä epävarmuustekijöitä. Suomessa puolestaan painotetaan ydinvoiman todistettuja vahvuuksia, erityisesti tehokkuutta ja päästöttömyyttä.
  • Pitkälä, Salla (2021)
    Aviation emissions are on the rise as a result of growing numbers of air passengers and more efficient emission reductions in other industries. There are, however, a number of different means to achieve emissions reductions in aviation as well: these include, for example, technological solutions, taxes and different emissions compensation systems. In addition to these, a change in air travel behaviour has been suggested as a means to achieve emission reductions. However, there is no agreement about which solution or solutions should be prioritized. My thesis examines attitudes related to air travel and climate change in 17 Finnish blog texts. The blog texts were analysed using a qualitative attitude approach. The texts were analysed as collections of reactions to the claim that because of climate change, individuals should fly less. Based on the differences and similarities in reactions, or arguments, I categorized them and formed four groups of attitudes which highlight different ways of thinking about reducing individual air travel. The four groups of attitudes are the following: 1) attitudes that agree that individuals should fly less, 2) attitudes that question the claim, 3) mixed attitudes, and 4) attitudes that attempt to avoid the issue. As a part of the analysis, I also examined the bloggers’ perceptions about who should bear the responsibility for reducing aviation emissions and I also examined how these perceptions differ between the four groups of attitudes. The bloggers’ understandings of air travel vary between air travel as an unnecessary luxury and a view that flying is a crucial part of modern world and giving up air travel is not realistic. To achieve emission reductions, some bloggers are willing to switch from flying to travelling by land and sea, or they are ready to reduce travel altogether. Other bloggers stress the importance of technological solutions and policy measures in reducing emissions. Among the visible themes is also a tendency to stress the importance of doing things in moderation, which also applies to air travel. Some bloggers also wonder whether there are some reasons that could justify air travel from time to time. In any case, it is typical that bloggers show varying attitudes towards air travel and consider counterarguments to their initial arguments. In the blog texts, reducing aviation emissions comes across as a complex issue. Studying attitudes can help build knowledge about which means of reducing emissions are considered fair and desirable. Studying attitudes can also help locate barriers to environmentally friendly behaviour. In Finland, there is little research on attitudes towards air travel, and the results of my thesis can be utilized, for example, in planning transport policies or campaigns that promote sustainable travel. However, it should be noted that using blogs as research material poses some questions about the validity and the generalizability of the results. The public and potentially commercial nature of blogs may affect which kinds of attitudes are expressed. Because of this, it is important to study attitudes towards air travel by using different methods and material as well.
  • Kurkinen, Hilja (2023)
    Mining industry often encounters many environmental and social challenges, such as environmental degradation or negative impacts on other livelihoods. However, the opening of a mine can also enhance economic productivity and employment situation, especially in remote areas. This paper analyses the environmental and employment sustainability of mining in Northern Finland, utilizing Hannukainen iron ore mining plans based in Kolari as a case study. The sustainability framework of the research is UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) adopted by UN member states in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015d). The aim of this research is to assess Hannukainen mining plans’ capacity to fulfil environmental and employment SDG targets from the perceptions of relevant local stakeholders. The research questions of this study are: 1. How does the implementation of five environment and employment related SDGs actualise in Hannukainen mining plans from the perceptions of relevant local stakeholders? 2. What kind of synergies and conflicts occur between the mining plans and SDG targets? To answer the questions, ten interviews and media analysis of 15 online articles was conducted. The main method for analysis was Inductive Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). As a result, three themes are introduced: (1) The mine as an environmental hazard, (2) The mine as a threat to local livelihoods and culture, and (3) The mine as a potential job opportunity. Possible synergies and conflicts between the SDG targets and Hannukainen mining plans are identified separately in each theme. The results suggest that increasing economic growth and employment on one sector, while causing environmental hazards and diminishing the employment possibilities of other sectors is topical in Hannukainen mining plans. Several conflicts rise between SDG targets and Hannukainen mine, regarding mainly environmental issues and two local livelihoods: tourism and reindeer herding. However, synergies between mining plans and SDG targets occur as well since the mine could provide full-time jobs and enhance employment and economic situation of the municipality. Additionally, lack of trust in mining company and to some extent in public authorities is a key component contributing to the experience of mining plan’s unsuccessful SDG implementation.
  • Ahonen, Nenna (2020)
    Abandoning carbon intensive lifestyles plays an integral role in mitigating the current climate crisis, especially in wealthy countries such as Finland where citizens’ carbon footprints are large. Mitigative lifestyle change can however be hard as many factors hinder the adoption of low-carbon practices. It can also be hard to recognize factors that could push lifestyle change forward. The significance and range of these factors, often called barriers and enablers, can vary between different places as each place constitutes its unique context. Studying barriers and enablers in different places can help us decide how to best advance the adoption of low-carbon practices in these contexts. In this thesis barriers and enablers are examined in the context of rural Finland. Characteristics that are often connected to rural Finland include long distances, scarcer services, conservativeness, and communality. The aim of this study was to examine what kinds of barriers to and enablers of low-carbon lifestyle change people dwelling in rural Finland experience, and which of these barriers and enablers have special links to the rural context. Eight citizens of Kauhajoki municipality were interviewed. The transcribed interview data was analysed with qualitative content analysis. Barriers and enablers were coded from the data, and 14 barrier and 13 enabler categories were formed. The themes of the barrier and enabler categories coincided well in terms of their content. Barriers were mentioned more often. Both barriers and enablers included factors related to infrastructure, availability of services and products, time, money, knowledge, health, social environment, habit formation, life situation, feelings, and perceptions of difficulty or easiness. They stemmed from the participants’ psychological processes and personal lives, the resources they had, and the physical and social aspects of their environment. Barriers and enablers with links to the rural context were most abundantly connected to infrastructure and availability. Based on the results, rural citizens live in a complicated push-pull environment of different barriers and enablers. Given that barriers appear to be more easily identified, it is important to start highlighting enablers. Even though in rural areas barriers and enablers related to the physical environment are most visible, attention should be paid to all factors to ensure that no potential for change is wasted. The results of this thesis help recognize both hurdles and helpers of low-carbon lifestyle change in rural Finland.
  • Mokkila, Saija (2022)
    This thesis aimed to systematically map and review built environment low carbon and/or social justice experiments in Finland and understand how municipalities engage in experimentation and what challenges municipalities face when engaging in it. To find what forms of experiments for socially just low carbon buildings and housing can be found in Finland, 1 386 objects in 15 databases were systematically mapped. 204 unique built environment low carbon and/or social justice experiments were recognized and further reviewed. Municipality engagements and challenges in experimentation were approached through a case study of four Finnish municipalities Helsinki, Joensuu, Turku, and Vantaa. 14 case city officials and other persons working with experimentation were interviewed, and 1 839 pages of case-city-related documents were gathered. Triangulation was used to analyze the interview transcripts and additional documents in an abductive manner to find what kind of policy engagements for experimentation municipalities participated in and what kind of challenges the municipality representatives identified when doing so. This thesis discovered that there is a large focus on building and nurturing niches and testing technologies with a lack of focus on profound social justice and the behavioral side of the sustainability transitions. The sustainability experimentation in the built environment was technology-focused and lacked profound social justice aspects. Even though there were some overlaps between low carbon and social justice in the experiments, the experiments did not seek to increase social justice but rather to do low carbon in a socially just way. Municipalities strongly focused on building and nurturing niches and experimentation as a process. Municipalities did not do much experimentation in their operations and focused on the experimentation process rather than the subject matter. Also, the municipality experimentation engagements were characterized by a lack of novelty, flexibility, and uncertainty. This thesis also reveals that the links between sustainability experimentation and sustainability transitions may not be as straightforward as the scientific models and frameworks present. Though this thesis made several findings about sustainability experimentation, there remains a particularly urgent need to develop and conduct additional studies. They are needed to understand better the phenomena in the socially just low carbon experimentation in the built environment to enable just transition to low carbon buildings and housing.
  • Pohjanvirta, Sonja (2020)
    Kaupungistumisen seurauksena arkiset luontokontaktit vähentyvät. Nykyaikaiset elämäntavat, kuten liikunnan puute, altistavat ihmiset kansanterveysongelmille. Esimerkiksi liikalihavuus ja mielenterveysongelmat ovat kasvavia huolenaiheita, joihin luontokontakti ja luonnon virkistyskäyttö voivat tarjota apua. Tutkimuksissa on osoitettu, että luonnossa oleminen rauhoittaa mieltä ja selkeyttää ajatuksia. Luontoaltistuksella on positiivinen vaikutus itsetuntoon, mielialaan, ja se vähentää stressiä. Lisäksi luontokontaktilla on myönteisiä vaikutuksia keskittymiseen ja akateemiseen suorituskykyyn. Psykologisten hyvinvointivaikutusten lisäksi luonnolla on positiivisia vaikutuksia fyysiseen ja sosiaaliseen hyvinvointiin. Luonnossa olo laskee verenpainetta, alentaa sykettä ja vähentää stressihormoni kortisolin veripitoisuutta. On tutkittu, että vuorovaikutus monipuolisen luontoympäristön kanssa edistää hyödyllisten mikrobien esiintyvyyttä ihmiskehossa ja vähentää siten allergioiden ja autoimmuunisairauksien kehittymisen riskiä. Luontoympäristö inspiroi liikkumaan useammin ja pidempiä aikoja kuin rakennettu ympäristö. Sosiaalisen hyvinvoinnin kannalta luontoympäristö edistää sosiaalista kanssakäymistä ja voi lisätä osallisuuden tunnetta. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tarkastelen nuorten aikuisten kokemuksia luonnon hyvinvointivaikutuksista. Tutkimuskysymykset ovat: 1) Miten nuoret aikuiset kokevat luonnossa oleskelun vaikuttavan heidän psyykkiseen, fyysiseen ja sosiaaliseen hyvinvointiinsa? 2) Millainen luonnonympäristö lisää heidän koettua hyvinvointia? 3) Miten he virkistäytyvät luonnossa? Tutkimusaineisto koostuu temaattisista kirjoituksista (n = 47), jotka kerättiin yliopisto-opiskelijoilta maalis- ja huhtikuun 2020 aikana. Kirjoitusten tehtävänanto oli osa ympäristötieteiden kandiohjelman Topical Issues in Urban Research -kurssia, joka pidettiin Helsingin yliopistossa keväällä 2020. Kohderyhmänä olivat 19–33-vuotiaat opiskelijat. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisilla menetelmillä ja aineisto analysoitiin käyttämällä teemoittelua, koodausta ja luokittelua. Tämän tutkimuksen keskeiset havainnot tukevat aiempia tuloksia osoittaen, että myös nuorille aikuisille luonto tarjoaa paikan rauhoittumiseen, rentoutumiseen ja irtautumiseen arjen paineista. Luonnossa oleminen auttaa ajatusten selkiyttämisessä ja stressin lievityksessä. Fyysisen hyvinvoinnin näkökulmasta luonto tarjoaa miellyttävän ja innostavan paikan harrastaa liikuntaa. Luonto tukee sosiaalista hyvinvointia tarjoamalla paikan olla yksin tai tavata ihmisiä. Luonnossa on helpompaa olla läsnä, mikä mahdollistaa syvällisten keskusteluiden muodostumisen. Suosituimmat luonnonympäristöt olivat metsä ja akvaattiset ympäristöt. Alueen koettu luonnollisuus oli tärkeä tekijä. Kaupunkiympäristöön sisältyvien luonnon elementtien koettiin olevan merkittävä kaupunkiympäristön houkuttelevuutta ja miellyttävyyttä lisäävä tekijä. Vastaajien keskuudessa suosituimpia luontoaktiviteetteja olivat juoksu- ja kävelylenkkeily sekä luonnon ja lajien tarkkailu. Tämä tutkielma korostaa luonnon tärkeää roolia ihmisten hyvinvoinnin tukemisessa.
  • Bianchi, Niccolo (2024)
    This thesis investigates the application of machine learning (ML) technologies in the analysis of wildlife images captured by camera traps, focusing on its significance for ecology and conservation. With the advent of digital imaging and the increasing use of camera traps in wildlife monitoring, the volume of data thus generated has presented a significant challenge in terms of processing and analysis. This study aims to address this challenge by systematically reviewing the current state of ML applications in this field, identifying key technologies employed, and evaluating their effectiveness in various ecological and conservation tasks. Through an extensive literature review and analysis, the research reveals a strong preference for the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), particularly residual neural networks (ResNet), due to their ability to efficiently process and analyze large visual datasets. The study also highlights the primary ML tasks within this context, namely animal detection and species classification. Moreover, it identifies the main ecological objectives pursued through ML-assisted camera trap image analysis, emphasizing its frequent use in ecological assessments and wildlife population monitoring. The thesis identifies areas for improvement, such as addressing the underrepresentation of numerous taxa and enhancing the quality of the environmental assessments, and suggests directions for future research, including the development of more robust ML models capable of handling more diverse environments and datasets. By showcasing the potential of ML to revolutionize ecological research and conservation efforts, this study hopes to contribute to the understanding of how technology can be harnessed to preserve biodiversity and ensure more effective and efficient management of natural resources.
  • Piiroinen, Anni (2024)
    This thesis is an ethnographic study of glyphosate use in Finnish agriculture. Through interviews and participant observation, it examines how Finnish farmers relate to glyphosate, a herbicide that is widely used in contemporary agriculture but also highly contested. Working with the concept of domestication, I suggest that farmers relate to glyphosate as an indispensable tool that allows them to domesticate fields, maximise harvests, and cope in value chains where they have little power. When using glyphosate, farmers also try to domesticate the chemical itself by turning it into a controllable, knowable and ultimately unproblematic tool. Sometimes these efforts fail, as when glyphosate spills and spreads to unwanted places or fails to produce the clean fields that farmers are after. Despite these risks and limitations, farmers continue to rely on glyphosate to achieve successful domestication. Reworking Donna Haraway’s concept of companion species, I suggest that glyphosate has become a companion chemical, constitutively tied into who farmers are and what they do. In the course of continued glyphosate-based domestication, the skills, practices, and knowledges of farmers have changed as they have learned to live with glyphosate and use it to perform feats of successful domestication.
  • Metsola, Saana (2023)
    Ilmastonmuutos on yksi aikamme viheliäistä ongelmista, jonka yhtenä ratkaisukeinona pidetään kiertotaloutta. Kaupungit ovat ilmastonmuutoksen torjunnassa avainasemassa muun muassa suuren asukaslukunsa ja hiilijalanjälkensä takia. Kiertotalouskaupunkeja syntyy enenevissä määrin, ja myös Helsingin kaupunki on julistautunut kiertotalouskaupungiksi. Matka lineaarisesta kaupungista kohti kiertotalouskaupunkia on kuitenkin pitkä, ja siinä matkalla tarvitaan myös muita toimijoita kaupungin lisäksi. Tutkimuskirjallisuuden mukaan yhteistyö on avainasemassa niin itse kiertotaloudessa kuin kiertotalouskaupungeissakin. Myös Helsingin kaupunki on tunnistanut tarpeen toimia yhteistyössä muiden toimijoiden kanssa kiertotalouskaupungin rakentamisessa. Avainasemassa olevia yhteistyön osapuolia ovat niin yritykset kuin kaupunkilaisetkin. Helsingin kaupunki on lanseerannut Kiertotalousvahti- palvelun, jossa on 31 kiertotalouteen liittyvää toimenpidettä. Näitä toimenpiteitä voidaan pitää Helsingin kärkihankkeina kiertotalouden saralla. Näissä hankkeissa uskoisi siis myös yhteistyön näkyvän kaupunkilaisten ja yritysten kanssa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli analysoida teorialähtöisen sisällönanalyysin avulla Kiertotalousvahdin 31 toimenpidettä ja etsiä toimenpiteistä yhteistyötä. Tarkempaan syynäykseen otettiin yhteistyö kaupunkilaisten ja yritysten kanssa. Tutkimuksessa oli tarkoitus selvittää myös kaupungin, kaupunkilaisten ja yritysten rooleja yhteistyön saralla. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että Helsingin kiertotalouden kärkihankkeissa yhteistyötä näkyy yllättävän vähän. Yhteistyö kaupunkilaisten kanssa on lähes olematonta, ja yritystenkin kanssa vähänlaista. Yhteistyön avulla kiertotalous saataisiin leviämään laajemmalle ja sen vaikutukset olisivat laajempia. Kaupunki jättää paljon potentiaalia käyttämättä kiertotalouden suhteen.
  • Nurmi, Aino (2023)
    The 2022 energy crisis heightened concerns about energy sufficiency. In response, Finland launched a nationwide energy-saving campaign, Astetta alemmas, to encourage Finns to take concrete and effortless energy-saving actions in their daily lives. The aim of this thesis was to analyze which energy-saving behaviors the media emphasize in the campaign and how the campaign messages are framed in the media. The analysis of media response was chosen because there is a lack of this type of study related to energy-saving campaigns. The data consisted of 94 news articles collected from the five national online news media from October 1st to December 31st, 2022. The data was analyzed using frame and content analysis. The analysis was based on a pre-determined theoretical framework consisting of nine energy-saving and general news frames: economic, social, environmental, personal, moral, health, conflict, responsibility, and human-interest frames. In addition, two new frames were recognized from the data. The energy-saving behaviors found were classified as curtailment and efficiency behaviors. The campaign was portrayed as an opportunity to save money through effortless energy-saving measures such as lowering the room temperature. Most of these actions were categorized as curtailment behaviors. The media showed the importance of individuals’ efforts to save energy in a society by emphasizing that saving energy has paid off and that new saving habits have become a routine part of daily life. On the other hand, energy-saving actions led to compromises in living standards, resulting in suffering and high electricity bills. The media portrayed the negative consequences by emphasizing conflicts and showing how far people are willing to go to save energy while risking their health. The impact on the environment was seen as a secondary principle. The crisis was a suitable moment for the media to highlight the importance of energy conservation. The campaign was well justified as a campaign of the whole nation, highlighted by solidarity and shared responsibility to save energy. Nevertheless, some of the tips given were targeted at specific households. The media raised a dichotomy by highlighting individuals as heroes or sufferers through their experiences. This is a novel contribution to previous studies. This dichotomy provides room for further studies that could focus on the people behind the news stories and the long-term effects of post-campaign energy-saving measures. This thesis provides initial insights into the media response to the Astetta alemmas campaign during the first three months and in specific news media, but the results cannot be generalized to the response of all news media during the campaign.
  • Siivonen, Salla (2020)
    Finnish forests have a major impact on climate change at a national level, as approximately 86 % of Finland's surface area is forest and forests are a significant carbon sink. Continuous cover forestry is better from the point of view of carbon sequestration than even-age forestry. The Finnish Forest Act was reformed in 2014. Forest professionals and forest owners have had time to adapt to the new Act, to consider the use of alternative methods or, possibly, to take these methods into practice. Forest professionals have a clear position of power through information and communication to forest owners and the creation of a prevailing atmosphere of attitudes. Examination of the attitudes and the values of forest professionals are important as their attitudes and values have an impact on the recommendation of forest management methods. The purpose of this study was to examine how familiar continuous cover forestry was to forest professionals and forest owners as well as their perceptions of it. In addition, the values of forest professionals and how different factors influence their perceptions of continuous cover forestry were examined. The data used in this research was from a survey conducted in 2017. According to the results, forest professionals and forest owners are quite familiar with continuous cover forestry. The forest professionals’ perceptions of it were more negative compared to the forest owners’ perceptions. Gender and educational background were factors that were found to impact the attitudes of the forest professionals. Their perceptions of continuous cover forestry also affected the percentage of continuous cover forestry recommended by them. Forest professionals valued the sales proceeds of wood the most and the carbon sequestration of forests the least.
  • Kalpala, Erna (2023)
    To align with the goals of the Paris Agreement, the EU has taken proactive measures, including the implementation of the Taxonomy Regulation (EU) 2020/852, which establishes standardized definitions for sustainable economic activities and mandates annual reporting by companies within its scope. This master's thesis delves into an investigation of Finnish companies' 2022 EU Taxonomy reporting, with a specific focus on a critical aspect of the EU Taxonomy known as Minimum Safeguards (“MS”). The MS necessitate companies to meet specific performance criteria in the realms of certain social and governance aspects, including having an adequate human rights due diligence (“HRDD”) process. The thesis does this by addressing two primary research questions: 1) How do Finnish stock-listed companies report about their MS alignment in their reporting for the financial year 2022? and 2) For those companies who claim to meet the MS, does their actual performance on MS, particularly in the area of HRDD, align with their reporting? The research involved an analysis of the 2022 EU Taxonomy disclosures made by the 30 largest stock-listed non-financial companies headquartered in Finland. In addition, for those companies claiming compliance with the MS, their human rights reporting was evaluated using the Corporate Human Rights Benchmark's Core UNGP Indicators methodology, following the guidance provided by the European Platform on Sustainable Finance in their Final Report on MS in October 2022. Based on this thesis, a substantial portion (20/30) of the analysed companies claimed they meet the MS. Among the rest, only three explicitly acknowledged non-compliance, while others took a more ambiguous approach, refraining from explicitly admitting non-compliance. As for the second research question, the results suggest that a significant number of the companies claiming compliance may not entirely meet the human rights standards outlined in the Final Report on MS, with only two companies clearly meeting these standards, and an additional five potentially meeting them, subject to further verification. This raises concerns about the accuracy of sustainability claims in these companies' EU Taxonomy disclosures and questions the effectiveness of current disclosure practices on EU Taxonomy. The findings may prove useful to companies seeking to enhance the quality of their sustainability reporting and prepare for forthcoming due diligence laws.
  • Lehtiniemi, Heidi (2020)
    Computing complex phenomena into models providing information of the causalities and future scenarios is a very topical way to present scientific information. Many claim models to be the best available tool to provide decision making with information about near-future scenarios and the action needed (Meah, 2019; Schirpke et al., 2020). This thesis studies global climate models based on objective data compared to local ecosystem services models combining ecological and societal data offer an extensive overview of modern environmental modelling. In addition to modelling, the science-policy boundary is important when analyzing the societal usefulness of models. Useful and societally-relevant modelling is analyzed with an integrative literature review (Whittemore & Knafl, 2005) on the topics of climate change, ecosystem services, modelling and science-policy boundary, n=58. Literature from various disciplines and viewpoints is included in the material. Since the aim is to create a comprehensive understanding of the multidisciplinary phenomenon of modelling, the focus is not on the technical aspects of it. Based on the literature, types of uncertainty in models and strategies to manage them are identified (e.g. van der Sluijs, 2005). Characteristics of useful models and other forms of scientific information are recognized (e.g. Saltelli et al., 2020). Usefulness can be achieved when models are fit for purpose, accessible and solution-oriented, and sufficient interaction and trust is established between the model users and developers. Climate change and ecosystem services are analyzed as case studies throughout the thesis. The relationship of science and policy is an important discussion especially important when solving the sustainability crisis. Because modelling is a boundary object (Duncan et al., 2020), the role of boundary work in managing and communicating the uncertainties and ensuring the usefulness of models is at the center of the analysis.