Browsing by discipline "Geologi"

Puhtaan veden saanti on elinehto. Vesihuolto olisi suunniteltava pahimman skenaarion varalta, koska sen asema keskinäisriippuvaisessa yhteiskunnassa on hyvin keskeinen. Vesihuoltolaitosten toimintavarmuuden parantamisen, pullotetun veden käytön, siirrettävien vesisäiliöiden käytön ja kotitalouskohtaisen pintaveden puhdistuksen lisäksi valmiutta kohotettaessa voitaisiin hyödyntää Suomen ainutlaatuisia pohjavesivaroja. Matalakairauksen avulla tehtyjä havaintoputkikaivoja voidaan käyttää juomavedenhankinnassa. Kairaaminen ulotetaan maksimissaan kuuden metrin syvyyteen, jotta maan pinnalla pidettävän imupumpun teho riittää pohjaveden ottamiseen. Menetelmää on käytetty pääasiassa pohjavesinäytteiden keräämiseen ja antoisuusmittauksien tekemiseen. Sen lisäksi Puolustusvoimat on ottanut matalakairauksen osaksi vesihuollon järjestelyjään kriisiaikana. Ympäristöalalla kerätään runsaasti tietoa erilaisiin paikkatietokantoihin, arkistoihin ja tutkimushankkeisiin. Näiden hyödyntäminen poikkeusolojen vesihuollon suunnittelussa vaatii tiedon poimimista ja yhdistämistä. Ennakkoon erotelluilla aineistoilla voidaan parantaa valmius-suunnittelua ja vähentää asiantuntijoiden tarvetta yhdyskuntien kriisinajan vedenjakelun turvaamisessa. Soranottoalueiden tilaa ja kunnostustarvetta arvioivassa hankkeessa (SOKKA) on koottu maa-aineksen otossa olleita kohteita, jotka ovat pohjavesialueilla. Näissä voitaisiin olettaa löytyvän lähellä maanpintaa olevaa pohjavettä. SOKKA-hanke on valtakunnallinen ja kaikkiin siinä oleviin kohteisiin pääsee ajoneuvoilla. Tässä työssä yhdistettiin olemassa olevaa tietoa Etelä-Pohjanmaan ELY-keskuksen SOKKA-hankkeen paikkatietoihin ja pyrittiin arvioimaan, kuinka hyvin niiden avulla voitaisiin varmistaa kohteiden soveltuvuus matalakairaukseen. Tavoitteena on saavuttaa yksinkertainen tulos, jonka avulla voidaan todeta että näistä kohteista saadaan luotettavasti vettä mahdollisissa poikkeusoloissa. Kohteista pyritään muodostamaan verkosto, joka on kattava, ja joka voitaisiin laajentaa valtakunnalliseksi. Tulokset osoittavat että matalakairaukseen soveltuvien kohteiden verkosto on mahdollista muodostaa olemassa olevan tiedon avulla. Tässä työssä käytettyjen aineistojen avulla kohteet karsiutuvat alkuperäiseen aineistoon verrattuna harvalukuiseksi, mutta verkosto on kuitenkin maantieteellisesti kattava.

The Paleoproterozoic volcanically hosted massive sulfide deposits of the Skellefte district, northern Sweden has been subjected to regional metamorphism in greenschist to amphibole facies conditions at 1.84 – 1.82 Ga, resulting in the remobilization of ore minerals and formation of ore-bearing quartz and sulfide veins. The aim of this project is to study the mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the Storliden VHMS deposit in the Skellefte district and determine the conditions the remobilization of ore minerals took place in. The sulfide-rich remobilization veins in the deposit consist of two types: ones composed mostly of pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, and ones composed mostly of galena and bournonite, often as symplectitic intergrowths, with gudmundite and tetrahedrite occurring in notable amounts as well. Arsenopyrite and sphalerite were found in multiple veins of both types. Additionally, sulfide-poor quartz- and calcite veins occur in the deposit. There are also sulfide-bearing calcite veins that post-date the metamorphism, and were not included in this study. Sphalerite and chlorite from the veins both have lower Fe-content than same minerals in the massive ore and the host rock of the ore, respectively. Sphalerite form the veins also has a significantly higher Cd-content compared to the massive ore. The tetrahedrite from the veins also has a clearly different composition than in the massive ore, with considerably lower As-content and higher Fe/(Fe+Zn) ratio. Arsenopyrite geothermometry was used to determine that the remobilization took place at temperature of 325 – 480 °C, with mean T of 425 °C for the massive ore and 412 °C for the remobilization veins. The composition of sphalerite from the massive ore was used to determine that the pressure during metamorphism was 6.3 – 8.5 kbar, with mean of 7.5 kbar. Thermometric data obtained from chlorite in the quartz veins and the host rock of the ore indicates lower temperatures than the data from arsenopyrite, with mean T of around 200 °C or less for the veins and around 300 °C for the host rock (exact temperature depending on the geothermometer used). The lower range of temperatures likely reflects formation or re-equilibration during the retrograde stage of the metamorphism. The δ18O-data for water calculated from the quartz veins range from 4.7 to 8.8 ‰ with mean δ18O of 7.2 ‰, which is within the δ18O-range of metamorphic water. The values for pressure and temperature obtained conform to data reported by other authors from various deposits in the Skellefte district, which mostly fall between temperatures of 300 – 500 °C and pressures of 5 – 8 kbar for the massive ore, and 200 – 450 °C and 0.5 – 5 kbar for the veins. The δ18O-data is likewise within the range reported from quartz veins elsewhere in the Skellefte district (ranging from 3.7 to 11.6 ‰).

Yeniyaylacık and Sofular localities in southeast of Central Anatolia are yielded with rich and wellpreserved late Neogene mammal fossils including bovids, equids, suids and rhinos. Faunal compositions of these sites are distinct from each other and biostratigraphy is still under study. The age and correlation of the Sofular ignimbrite underlying the studied Sofular section has been contentious in previous studies. For Yeniyaylacık section there are no previous detailed ages published. In this study, the magnetostratigraphic results are presented for the Yeniyaylacik and Sofular sites. The sampled Sofular section (located in 38°43’35” N, 35°00’30” E) is overlaying the Sofular Ignimbrite. In total 83 samples were taken from this ca. 51-meters-thick section, which is composed of thinly bedded and laminated siltstones and siliceous claystones with a few sandstone intercalations. Upper parts are more calcareous and dominated with limestone and claystone beds containing gypsum crystals. In total 32 samples were taken from ca. 8-meters-thick Yeniyaylacık section (located in 38°45’35” N, 34°37’04” E), comprised of muddy-clayey sediments with few thin limestone-sandstone units interbedded in the succession. Grain size of the samples was estimated based on Udden-Wentworth scale and color based on Munsell color chart. Carbonate content of the samples was estimated using 10 % hydrochloric acid. Magnetic susceptibility of each sample was measured using SM 150 susceptibility meter. 2G SQUID magnetometer was used to stepwisely demagnetize the samples. Thermomagnetic analyses were done using KLY-3S kappabridge for selected samples to identify magnetic mineralogy of the sections. Rock magnetic studies revealed that samples located at higher levels were clearly less magnetic in both of the sections, which correlates well with the increased carbonate content. Magnetic mineralogy of the samples consists mostly of Ti-poor titanomagnetite, but some of the samples also contained some hematite. AF-demagnetization results indicated that reversed polarity dominates the lower ca. 15 m in the Sofular section. The upper 35 m of the section is dominated by normal polarity. In the Yeniyaylacık section, reversed polarity dominates the whole section. Based on earlier studies and paleomagnetic results from this study, correlation with chron C4n.2n (8,1–7,7 Ma) or C3An.2n (6,7–6,4 Ma) is suggested for the long period of normal polarity in Sofular section. Less derived morphology of the Yeniyaylacık fauna suggests older age for the Yeniyaylacık fauna, so correlation with chron C4r (8,8–8,1 Ma) is suggested for long period of reversed polarity in the Yeniyaylacık section.

Mustaliuskeet ovat tummia ja helposti rapautuvia sedimenttikiviä, jotka sisältävät runsaasti hiiltä ja metallisulfideja. Niiden rapautuessa ympäristöön vapautuu metalleja ja vetyioneja. Turpeen on todettu sitovan tehokkaasti eri alkuaineita ja läheisestä kallioperästä rapautuneet metallit pidättyvät usein turpeeseen. Talvivaaran mustaliuskeisiin on rikastunut Co, Cu, Mn, Ni ja Zn, ja esiintymälle on tunnusomaista kohonnut Ni-pitoisuus. Mustaliuskealueiden moreeneista on mitattu korkeita Cu- ja Zn-pitoisuuksia, ja pintavesille on tyypillistä alhainen pH ja kohonneet Cd-, Cu-, Mn-, Ni- ja Zn-pitoisuudet. Liuskealueilla myös kaivovesistä ja purosedimenteistä on mitattu kohonneita pitoisuuksia samojen alkuaineiden osalta. Tähän tutkimukseen koealoilta otettiin turvenäytteitä, joista määritettiin turvelaji, maatuneisuus ja sähkönjohtavuus. Laboratoriossa näytteistä määritettiin tuhkapitoisuus TGA-menetelmällä ja kokonaishiilen määrä CHN-menetelmällä. Näytteille tehtiin myös monialkuaineanalyysit ICP-MS (503M)- ja ICP-AES (503P)- menetelmillä, ja Hg- pitoisuus määritettiin CVAFS-analyysillä. Tuloksista laskettiin pistekohtaisesti painotetut keskiarvot ja -hajonnat, sekä koealakohtaisesti Spearmanin korrelaatiokertoimet PASW Statistics 18-ohjelmalla. Osalle aineistosta tehtiin regressioanalyysi. Kartat tehtiin ArcGIS10-ohjelmistolla Geologian tutkimuskeskuksen ja Maanmittauslaitoksen kartta-aineistojen pohjalta. Mustaliuskealueilla turpeiden keskimääräiset Al-, As-, Cd-, Co-, Fe-, Mn-, Ni-, S-, Zn- ja tuhkapitoisuudet ovat huomattavasti korkeammat kuin granitoidi- ja kvartsiittialueilla, kun taas Cu- ja U-pitoisuudet ovat mustaliuskealueilla huomattavasti alhaisemmat. Tuhka- ja alkuainepitoisuudet ovat kvartsiitti- ja granitoidialueilla kohonneita lähinnä pohjanäytteissä, kun taas mustaliuskealueilla monien alkuaineiden pitoisuudet ovat korkeita myös pintanäytteissä. Parhaimmat riippuvuudet havaittiin Cu- ja U-pitoisuuksien, sekä Cr- ja tuhkapitoisuuksien välillä. Mustaliuskealueilla merkittäviä riippuvuuksia oli havaittavissa As-, Fe-, S- ja tuhkapitoisuuksien välillä, mikä voisi olla yhteydessä mustaliuskeiden rautasulfideihin. Poikkeuksellisesti yhdellä kvartsiittialueen koealalla alkuainepitoisuudet muistuttivat mustaliuskepisteitä. Tämä saattaa johtua osaltaan voimakkaasta reunavaikutuksesta, mutta koealalle on myös saattanut kulkeutua mustaliuskepitoista materiaalia jäätikkökuljetuksen seurauksena. Eräällä mustaliuskekoealalla alkuainepitoisuudet ovat sitä vastoin poikkeuksellisen alhaisia. Tämä johtunee turpeen rahkavaltaisuudesta, heikosta kontaktista kallioperään tai sijainnista vedenjakaja-alueella. Mustaliuskealueilla turpeiden alkuainepitoisuudet näyttäisivät olevan suurelta osin yhteydessä Talvivaaran mustaliuske-esiintymän koostumukseen, ja joillakin tutkimuspisteillä erilaiset mustaliuskeiden mineralisaatiot voisivat kuvastua anomaalisina Mn-, Ni-, Zn- ja Fe-pitoisuuksina. Turpeen kemialliseen koostumukseen saattaa kallioperän lisäksi vaikuttaa erilainen turvelajikoostumus mustaliuske- ja granitoidipisteiden välillä, voimakkaampi reunavaikutus mustaliuskekoealoilla, tulvavaikutus tai tien läheisyys. Lisäksi joillakin alkuaineilla epävarmuutta voi aiheuttaa niiden geokemiallinen luonne. Ympäristössä Cu lähtee heikosti liikkeelle ja se pidättyy nopeasti humukseen. Siten Cu ei välttämättä ehdi kulkeutua kallioperästä turpeeseen asti. Zn sitä vastoin on hyvin liikkuva, mutta se pidättyy heikosti turpeeseen. Jatkotutkimuksissa kannattaisi tarkastella keskenään mahdollisimman samankaltaisia turvemaita, jotka eivät ole altistuneet ihmistoiminnalle, tulville tai muille ulkoisille häiriötekijöijlle.

This work explores the lateral spreading of hot, thick, Paleoproterozoic crust via a series of 2D thermomechanical numerical models based on two geometrical a priori models of the thickened crust: plateau and plateau margin. High Paleoproterozoic radiogenic heat production is assumed. The material viscosity is temperature-dependent following the Arrhenius law. The experiments use two sets of rheological parameters for the crust: dry (granite/felsic granulite/mafic granulite) and wet (granite/diorite/mafic granulite). The results of the modeling are compared to seismic reflection sections and surface geological observations from the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen. Numerical modelling is performed with Ellipsis, a particle-in-cell finite element code suitable for 2D thermo-mechanical modelling of lithospheric deformation. It uses Lagrangian particles for tracking material interfaces and histories, which allow recording of material P-T-t paths. Plateau-models are based on a 480 km long section of 65 km-thick three-layer plateau crust. In the plateau margin-models, a transition from 65 km thick plateau to 40 km thick foreland is imposed in the middle of the model. The models are extended symmetrically from both ends with slow (1.9 mm/a) and fast (19 mm/a) velocities. Gravitational collapse is simulated with an additional set of fixed boundary plateau margin models. The models are studying the effect of free moving boundaries on the crustal structure and the conditions for mid-crustal flow. Strong mid-crustal channel flow is seen in plateau margin models with dry rheology and slow extension or with fixed boundaries. With fast extension or wet rheology channel flow grows weaker/diminishes. In models with slow extension or fixed boundaries, partial melting controls the style of deformation in the middle crust. Vertical movement of the partially molten material destroys lateral flow structures in plateau regions. According to P-T-t paths, the model materials do not experience high enough temperatures to match HT-LP metamorphic conditions typical for Svecofennian orogenic rocks. Metamorphic conditions in the dry rheology models have counterparts in the LT-LP (>650 °C at ≤600 MPa) amphibolite facies rocks of the Pielavesi area. Plateau margin models with dry rheology and slow extension or fixed boundaries developed mid-crustal channel flow, thinning of middle crust, exhumation of mid-crustal domes and smooth Moho, all of which are found in crustal scale reflection sections. Results of this work suggest plateau margin architecture prior to extension that took place at slow velocities or through purely gravitational collapse, although peak temperature of Svecofennian HT-LP metamorphism was not attained.

The Cu-Rautuvaara iron-oxide copper gold (IOCG) deposit is located in the western part of the Central Lapland Greenstone belt. Cu-Rautuvaara and several other IOCG deposits are located next or within of the SSW-NNE trending Kolari-Pajala Shear Zone. Deposits are formed in the contacts of the ca. 1860 Ma Haparanda Suites monzonite-diorite intrusions and the >2050 Ma Savukoski Group supracrustal rocks. At Cu-Rautuvaara deposit Cu-Au ore is hosted by magnetite-disseminated albitite. Host rocks for the other deposits in the Kolari area are skarns and ironstones. The wall and the host rocks are hydrothermally altered. Alterations can be roughly divided to proximal and distal zones which are displaying widespread and irregular alteration zones. The distal alteration is characterized by albite ± biotite ± K-feldspar and the proximal alteration albite + magnetite ± phlogopite ± gedrite ± amphibolite ± sulphides ± clinopyroxene. Based on the mass balance calculations Zr, TiO2 and Al2O3 were immobile during the alteration. Calculations indicated that main gains for albitites were Na2O, Fe2O3, Cu and Ni. For diorites and metavolcanites gains were CaO, K2O, Ce and Ba. Albitite protolith determination by its texture and mineral assemblage is unreliable because of the intense hydrothermal alteration. Based on immobile element correlation data suggest that metavolcanites are the most preferential protolith for albitites. The main oxide in the deposits is magnetite, which locally has accessory ilmenite exsolved from it. The main sulphides are chalcopyrite, pyrite and pyrrhotite. Oxides and sulphides element contents were determined by electron microprobe analyses. Based on analyses Au occurs as native Au-Ag grains in chalcopyrite. Major trace element in pyrrhotite is Ni (0.1– 0.8 wt. %). Based on major trace elements there are two types of pyrites with Co (<3 wt. %) and Ni (<3.5 wt. %). Major trace elements in magnetites are Al2O3 (0.01 – 0.71 wt. %), V2O (<0.23 wt. %) and Cr2O3 (<0.27 wt. %). Some magnetites have also MnO (<0.18 wt. %) as trace element. The trace element contents and ore mineral textures suggest that there were two stages of mineralization events for both sulphides and oxides.

Gold from orogenic deposits represents one third of the world's total gold production. Most orogenic gold ores contain significant amounts of barren waste rocks that are costly to process. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of sensor-based sorting (SBS) of quartz vein hosted orogenic gold ores. Jokisivu is an orogenic gold deposit operated by Dragon Mining Oy. A diorite to gabbro intrusion host the ore body that is located in Häme-belt near to Pirkanmaa belt, which are characterized by metamorphic sedimentary and igneous rocks. The deformed and boudinaged quartz vein ore zone thickness varies from centimeters to few meters and is constrained to a shear zone in WNW-ESE- and WSW-ENE- directions. Variably thick pegmatite veins occur often in close contact within the ore zone. The statistical diamond drill core database evaluation showed a clear correlation between gold and quartz veins. According to the drill cores photos auriferous quartz veins and barren host rocks have sharp visually observable contacts. The quartz rocks are white and diorite waste rocks are black. From the two development ores bulk samples were collected: one 18-ton marginal-grade sample from the Arpola ore body and 29-ton high-grade sample from the Kujankallio ore body. A jaw crusher was used for primary crushing. The bulk samples were crushed and screened, which resulted in an approximately 50/50 coarse to fine particles ratio. Over 1.5 tons of screen overflow (> 30 mm) was sampled for SBS tests. Additionally 900 kg of underflow were collected for a secondary sorting study. The SBS tests were done at Tomra in Germany. PRO (Processing) series chute-type optical sorter was used. It divides a conditioned materials feed to ore and waste rocks by color difference. A rock was sorted waste if its surfaces contained less than two percent white pixels. Similarly five percent sorting threshold was tested. Results showed that 41 – 61 wt% of waste was removed from the marginal-grade Arpola ore with 96 % to 93 % gold recovery. In addition, the gold grade improved from 5.1 ppm to 8.2 – 12.0 ppm. The high-grade Kujankallio ore showed 15 – 31 wt% waste rock removal and 97 to 92 % gold recoveries. The gold grade rose from 7.2 ppm to 8.2 – 9.6 ppm. In addition, the quality of the products improved when harmful minerals such as arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite were reduced. Hand sorting was used for evaluation of the SBS results. Approximately 1.5 tons of sorted rocks were classified according to increasing quartz-vein content and the rock type features. The hand sorting showed that optical sorting is sensitive and adjustable even to subtle materials features. The diorite waste, altered rocks and low-grade quartz rocks were easily separated from the sorting feed material. The gold concentration in the waste rocks was low in the Arpola SBS sample (0.5 – 0.6 ppm) and slightly higher in the Kujankallio sample (0.8 – 1.7 ppm) Economic evaluation of SBS is challenging, because a valid calculation needs to account for the entire production chain from mining to tailings handling. Decreased waste rock dilution (WRD) has the most significant impact on economy as it reduces milling, transportation and tailings costs. More importantly, a significant reduction in mill capacity requirements is achievable by SBS. Numerous positive effects of sorting are significant increment in head grade, homogenous feed, various environmental aspects, decreased chemicals and water usage. The SBS is suitable for marginal- and low-grade orogenic gold ores where sharp and detectable contact between the ore and waste rocks exists. The results indicate that certain low-grade deposits, which were previously considered uneconomic mineralizations, are convertible to ore by SBS. In Brownfield mines, SBS can allow the utilization of the marginal mineral resources more accurately. Greenfield projects may benefit from smaller concentrator sizes and time related savings, which reduce CAPEX costs. The economic benefits are always case dependent.

Geological Survey of Finland carried out extensive bedrock mapping in the poorly known southeastern part of the Central Finland Granitoid Complex (CFGC) between 2012 and 2016. Majority of the area consists mainly of 1.89–1.88 Ga I-type granitoids that are synkinematic with respect to main collisional event of the Svecofennian orogeny. Crosscutting the synkinematic rocks, a minor suite of 1.88–1.87 Ga A-type granitoids, postdate the main collisional event and are hence referred to as postkinematic. In this Master's thesis, lithological, petrographical, and geochemical features of four postkinematic granitoid intrusions at the Riitalampi, Viininperä, and Korloppinen localities are described. These intrusions are weakly to non-foliated quartz monzonites and granites with biotite and hornblende as the main mafic silicates. Pyroxene-bearing varieties are found in Korloppinen. The geochemistry of the studied intrusions is characterized by high FeO, K2O, Ba, and Zr as well as low MgO, CaO and Sr contents that are characteristic to previously studied postkinematic rocks of the CFGC. U-Pb ages of 1879 ± 4 Ma for Riitalampi and 1882 ± 3 Ma for Viininperä intrusions confirm that these intrusions are coeval with the previously studied postkinematic intrusions. Whole-rock geochemical composition of Riitalampi, Viininperä, and Korloppinen intrusions is similar to that of well studied A-type granites, which formed by partial melting of mantle-derived basaltic source rocks. However, Riitalampi and Viininperä intrusions have certain geochemical deviation from typical A-type geochemistry e.g. high Al2O3, Ba, and Eu contents as well as volcanic arc granite (VAG) affinity of some of the samples. These geochemical features suggest that the partial melts from the mantle-derived basaltic source mixed with partial melts derived from deep crustal source. Field observations of mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) indicate that coeval mafic-felsic magmatism is related to the formation of the Riitalampi and Viininperä intrusions. Synplutonic dyke and ubiquitous MME observed in the Riitalampi intrusion point to continuous mafic input during crystallization of the intrusion. Petrographic observations combined with geochemical modeling suggest mingling and chemical exchange, but not mixing, between the magmas in Riitalampi. The coeval mafic-felsic magmatism in the Viininperä intrusion was spatially and temporally more restricted, and took place only during the formation of the syenogranitic northern margin.

Jurassic (159 Ma), ultrapotassic, mica-rich dykes of Kjakebeinet represent the youngest magmatic rock type observed in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica; abundant xenoliths are enclosed by the dykes. A petrographical description of the xenoliths and one of the dykes was made to distinguish the rock types and to gain information of the unknown basement below Kjakebeinet, situated on the southern edge of Vestfjella mountainrange. The mineral chemistry and petrography of the xenoliths and one of the lamproite dykes were studied using petrographic microscope and electron microprobe (EDS-mode). Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic determinations were made on metagabbroic and carbonatite xenoliths. Most of the xenoliths record evidence of granulite facies metamorphosis and they represent several crustal rock types. Tonalite, alkali feldspar granite, and augen gneisses, metagabbros and metasedimentary xenoliths were observed. Two of the xenoliths, carbonatite, and phlogopite rock, are cognate. This thesis shows that the crust below the southern Vestfjella is heterogenic, and contains differentiated metaigneous rock types. The xenoliths include Proterozoic basement gneisses, and possibly also Permian sedimentary rocks and Mesozoic igneous rocks. The studied lamproite dyke is phlogopite-sanidinediopside-olivine lamproite which shows affinity to madupitic lamproites and group II kimberlites.

The Landsort Deep is the deepest part of the Baltic Sea. It is located just south from the postulated margins of the early Weichselian glacial, and the deep displays a high-resolution sediment sequence from late Weichselian and Holocene. The physical properties and characterisation of late and postglacial sediments from the Landsort Deep enabled the interpretation of the sediment responses to late Weichselian and Holocene glacial settings. The sediment stratigraphy of the Landsort Deep reflects variations of salinity in the Baltic Sea Basin, and it enables the identification of four major stages in the history of the Baltic Sea: Baltic Ice Lake, Yoldia Sea, Ancylus Lake and Littorina Sea. The samples studied are from cores from Hole M0063C. The cores were recovered during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 347, “Baltic Sea Paleoenvironment”. Site M0063 is divided into seven lithostratigraphic units, and the samples are from Unit VI (54–93 ambsf) and Unit V (48–54 ambsf). Sediment analyses and the interpretation of the sedimentary environment of Units VI and V are based on grain-size analysis by laser diffractometry, loss on ignition (LOI) determination, and on the IODP Expedition 347 physical properties dataset. The uniquely long varved glacial clay sequence of Units VI and V gives indications of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and the sedimentation of the Baltic Sea Basin responded to climate fluctuations. The lowermost part of the thick sediment column comprising Units VI and V, displays ice-proximal settings, and the upper part represents ice-distal settings. The correlation of the sedimentary features to well-known geological events in the Baltic Sea region enabled the relative age determination of the Units VI and V. The sediments are deposited during the Baltic Ice Lake stage and the transition into the Yoldia Sea stage, roughly estimated between 13.5 and 11.5 ka. Comparison to different late and postglacial settings e.g. marine and terrestrial, illustrated conformities in various glacial sedimentary settings.