Browsing by discipline "Geografi"

Current poor state and concern over the state of the European surface waters has led to the introduction of the EU water directive. Aim of the directive is to restore surface waters back to their natural state by 2015. Problems with conservation work arise as the natural state of lakes and waters is usually unknown. As the water monitoring programs are fairly new and only cover the time when people have already altered their environment, however, paleolimnological research methods can help to trace back the natural state of the surface waters. According to the theoretical framework of paleolimnological study, 'the presence is the key to the past'. By this theory, knowing the processing operating today, we can trace back the processes operated in the past and reconstruct different phases of a lake and find out the natural state. Study lake is situated in Somero, Southwest Finland. Lake Åvik is approximately 6 m deep and covers an area of 7 hectares. The aim of this study is to find out if there has been changes in water quality in the past by using diatoms and paleolimnological methods. Study aims to answer the questions: - How has the water quality in Åvik changed and what is the natural state of the lake? - Which changes in the drainage area has affected the changes in the water quality? Paleolimnological research has traditionally used a methods called transfer function. However, in this study the diatom data was analyzed with Omnidia database. Omnidia is normally used in river studies. It appears that this is the first time that Omnidia database is applied to paleolimnological data. 200 cm long sediment core was analyzed for diatoms. Diatom data was analyzed with Omnidia and several water quality indices (TDI, GDI, IPS, evenness, dissimilarity and ecological information) were produced. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen were also analyzed from the sample. Most significant changes in the diatom species composition were found in depth that was dated approximately to year 1300 when people permanently started occupying Somero. Population growth and introduction of agriculture into the area altered the ecosystem and caused changes in the species composition. Second phase for changes appears around 1960 when agricultural methods were intensified. Dissimilarity analysis shows that differences between species in the top and bottom layers differ statistically significantly. Main causes for the changes in the species composition are the increased nutrients in the water due to population growth and agriculture. In the surface layers, some oligotrophic species were discovered. These species could represent species from other areas or they could indicate that the actions taken to improve the water quality have worked. River Paimionjoki is one of the risk areas in terms of the poor water quality. Good ecological status of Åvik and Paimionjoki will not be reached by 2015 and extension for the conservation work has been granted until 2027. Because of the result of the study it would advisable to collect a shorter surface sample from the Åvik and analyze diatoms with higher resolution in order to find out in more detail whether the taken measures have actually started to work and water quality is improving.

The significance of the forest as leisure time environment has increased in Finland. City forests are used for outdoors exercises and enjoying the nature. The citizens of Helsinki have an opportunity to refresh themselves in the city forests: 22 % of the land area of the city is covered by forests and forests' accessibility is good. However, due to the land use plans of the city and predicted increasing number of city inhabitants of the new Helsinki city plan, the number of city forests will decrease, and the erosion of the remaining forests continues. Meri-Rastila forest, which is situated in eastern Helsinki and well-liked by the residents of the area, is an example case where the construction projects of the city are steered to the city's inner remaining forest areas, and to the neighborhood forests which are important for residents. The aim of the study is to examine what Meri-Rastila forest means to the residents as an experienced space and place. The method for this study is qualitative. The theoretical frame is based on the humanistic geography in which the place is understood as lived and experienced, as an entity formed by the meanings given by the experiences of the people. Therefore the meanings of the forest are investigated by examining the knowledge, memories and experiences of the residents. The second aim of the study is to find out what kind of favorite places, routes and other meaningful objects the residents have in their neighborhood forest. The experiential knowledge of the residents will be linked to the exact locations on the geographical map. The research was carried out by doing nine walking interviews in the Meri-Rastila forest during February and March 2015. The most common routes, favorite places and other meaningful objects were photographed and localized by a GPS device during the walking interviews. In addition, six of the interviewees wrote voluntary free-form story about their relationship to the forest. The contents of the interviews and stories were analysed. The database of experiential knowledge was created from the research results. The database was linked to the favorite places, routes and objects and was visualized on the map using the GIS approach. As result for the first aim, following four outcomes were discovered. Firstly, as being an experienced space and place Meri-Rastila forest is an important source of physical and mental well-being in everyday life and city life for the residents. The forest is a place for everyday recreational activities. Outdoor recreation in the forest has become a part of interviewees' everyday life. Secondly, the forest is experienced as a familiar and cosy neighborhood forest which carries lots of important memories. Thirdly, the Meri-Rastila forest is experienced as an experiential neighborhood forest where one can have nature experiences and feelings of being far away in Lapland wilderness. Fourthly, the future of the interviewees' important neighborhood forest and their everyday use of outdoor recreation of the forest are considered uncertain and worrying. As result for the second aim of the study, following two outcomes were discovered. Firstly, most of the favorite places in the forest are rocky places situated either on the seaside or in the inner part of the forest where the peaceful and calm ambience is of value. Secondly, the sandy road of the forest is a popular walking route but also the small trails are important for the interviewees. Meri-Rastila forest is a meaningful neighborhood forest in the everyday lives of the residents of the area. By doing the walking interviews and using the GIS method it was possible to reveal and localize the residents' experiential knowledge of the forest. The experiential knowledge linked to a place is a valuable source of information which can be utilized to improve urban planning and decision making in the future.

The research deals with the regional spread and popularity of football in Helsinki from the late 1800's to the early 2000's. Structural changes of the city have transformed the nature of the city and its different parts. The operational prerequisites of football clubs are bound to both wider societal factors and action taken by local community and its population. The research scrutinises the regional changes and their societal and social background and reflects them to development in football. Following the principles of structural methodology the research studies mechanisms and social structures behind the visible appearance of societal phenomena. The prevalent structure of communities and societies explain the reasons of distinguishable human activities. The geographical theoretic framework is based on the precepts of regional study. Of particular importance are the different types of spatial diffusion that give a theoretical explanation to the spread of football. The history of Helsinki and football in Helsinki are linked to form a coherent narration that creates comprehensive outlook on the structural change and development of the city and its football activity. The result is an overview of regional preconditions for football in Helsinki and a theoretical model that illustrates the regional placement of football.

Sustainable development is an ambiguous and wide term. Determining it has always been a challenge and there still isn't any unambiguous definition to it. Normally the term is considered to contain different kind of extents and also in this study sustainable development is divided into four extents: ecological, economic, cultural and societal. Education for sustainable development aims to improve on developing all the mentioned divisions in a sustainable way: without wasting natural resources or exceeding nature's endurance. This study investigates the effectiveness of Finnish Environmental School Sykli's sustainable development training in select learning institutions in the area of southern Finland. The used data is literature about sustainable development and different learning theories, webropol inquiry and professional interviews. Inquiry was sent as a hyperlink for all of those who were taking part in Sykli's education for sustainable development over the years 2009 to 2012, and the interviewees were chosen from the academies where participating to inquiry was most active. Data was analyzed in both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the literature analysis came out that deep understanding of sustainable development is quite challenging and because of that also the education of sustainable development can be difficult. On the other hand also the term is really wide and assimilating it well takes quite a lot. Because of that learning should be contextual or position- and context-bounded and the student must construct the new data above the existing data. Results from webropol inquiry pointed out that participants had had benefits especially when it came to developing their own academy in a concrete way, but they also felt easier to acquire issues of sustainable development. The interviews showed out that learning wasn't too deep in every situation and received information wasn't put into practice in a way that education for sustainable development aims to. But on the other hand all of the interviewees felt that they had benefitted from the education both personal and organization level. Education for sustainable development that Sykli organizes can be found effective among participants. Education effected both personally and to develop participant's own organization. This argument is supported by the webropol inquiry and the interviews. However effectiveness of education hasn't always been as deep as it's aimed to. To improve effectiveness sustainable development should be understood better as a wide term and to see it reaching all sections of life. That way knowledge would transform to action.

For the conservation of biodiversity, it is important to examine the factors that shape species richness in different ecosystems. Global warming is predicted to be most pronounced in arctic-alpine areas and arctic environments, especially in major ecotones, like environments close to the tree lines. Therefore by examining the species richness, distribution and requirements of species living in mountainous areas, it is possible to assess the effects of climate change in different spatial scales. Elevational gradients are suitable for this kind of research, because many ecosystems processes and structure of local communities change along elevational gradients. Studies carried out in elevational gradients can help us to find out the mechanisms that shape local communities. The elevational patterns of species richness of micro-organisms like diatoms have been studied increasingly lately, but the results of the factors shaping species richness along elevational gradient are varied between different studies and groups of micro-organisms. Therefore it is important to learn more about the factors that shape species richness of micro-organisms along elevational gradients. In this thesis’s the elevational patterns of species richness and species evenness were studied in three different mountain streams in northern Norway and Kilpisjärvi (n= 44). The study also examines the effects of altitude to taxonomic relatedness of diatom species. Diatom and water chemistry samples were collected in August 2013. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to analyse species richness and the correlation between environmental variables and species richness were examined with pairwise correlation tests. Taxonomic distinctness was calculated with taxondive-command. According to the GLM, the species richness was best explained (49,2 %) by pH of stream water, stream depth, conductivity and altitude. Species evenness was best explained (45,6 %) by water temperature and total nitrogen (TN). Altitude showed a statistically significant relation to species richness (p= 0,003) and species evenness only in Lepänjoki (p< 5,45e+07). Species were not phylogenetically more clustered as elevation increased. Altitude did not explain the taxonomic distinctness of diatom species in the research streams. It can be concluded that a deeper riverbed guarantee more stable conditions to diatom species. Similarly, higher water pH value is more favorable habitat for diatoms, than acidic waters. Altitude may affect species richness through bedrock geology, which probably affects pH value and conductivity in the research streams. The short elevational gradients probably affect the fact that species richness did not decrease as altitude increased and that the species were not closely related to each other at the upper end of the gradient.

Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana toimii Arizonan yliopistossa toteutettu Places in the media -kurssi, jossa tarkastellaan kriittisesti, kuinka paikat esiintyvät mediassa. Maantieteen opetuksessa onkin tärkeää kannustaa oppilaita pohtimaan, kuinka media rakentaa maantieteellistä tietoa, kuten käsityksiä tiloista, paikoista ja yhteiskunnasta. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on toteuttaa opetuskokeilu lukion kulttuurimaantieteen opiskelijoille, jossa analysoidaan kriittisesti median antamaa kuvaa Helsingin Vuosaaresta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, miten oppilaiden mielestä media muokkaa mielikuvia Vuosaaresta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on antaa esimerkki siitä, kuinka kriittistä medialukutaitoa voidaan soveltaa mielikuvien opetuksessa lukion kulttuurimaantieteen oppitunnilla. Opetuskokeilussa noudatettiin kriittisen pedagogiikan ja dialogisen opetuksen periaatteita. Opetuskokeilu toteutettiin Viikin Normaalikoulussa ja Helsingin Normaalilyseon lukion kulttuurimaantieteen kurssilla (n=42). Opetuskokeilun yhteydessä toteutettiin alku- ja loppukysely, analysoitiin ryhmissä mediamateriaaleja ja tilastotietoa Vuosaaresta sekä täytettiin analyysien pohjalta kirjallisia tehtävälomakkeita. Oppitunnilla hyödynnettiin learning cafe -menetelmää, jolloin oppilaat toimivat sekä koti- että mediaryhmissä. Näin he pääsivät keskustelemaan näkökulmistaan eri ryhmissä ja jakamaan tietoa ryhmien välillä. Oppitunnin mediamateriaalit oli valittu niin, että ne antoivat mahdollisimman erilaisia näkökulmia Vuosaaresta. Oppitunnin lopuksi käytiin yhteinen keskustelu, jossa oppilaat kertoivat oppitunnin aikana syntyneistä ajatuksistaan. Oppilaat analysoivat oppitunnin aikana monipuolisesti eri medialähteitä ja vertasivat niiden antamia mielikuvia ja tilastotietoa keskenään. Oppilaat analysoivat oppitunneilla mediamateriaaleja kriittisesti ja analyyttisesti. Oppilaiden mielikuvat Vuosaaresta eivät muuttuneet merkittävästi opetuskokeilun myötä. Tämä oli kuitenkin oletettavaa teoriataustan perusteella, sillä alueen maineen ja mielikuvien muuttuminen vie yleensä aikaa. Oppilaat saivat kuitenkin uutta tietoa ja näkökulmia alueesta. Vuosaaresta kokemusta omaavien oppilaiden mielikuvat tutusta alueesta olivat positiivisempia kuin muiden oppilaiden mielikuvat. Harjoituksen myötä oppilaiden kriittinen medialukutaito ja ajattelu kehittyivät jonkin verran. Oppilaiden medialukutaito oli kuitenkin hyvällä tasolla jo ennen harjoitusta, joten medialukutaidossa ei tapahtunut suurta kehitystä. Vaikka oppilaat eivät kokeneet ennen opetuskokeilua, että medialla on suurta vaikutusta heidän mielikuviinsa Vuosaaresta, opetuskokeilun jälkeen he olivat laajasti sitä mieltä, että median antamalla kuvalla on vaikutusta Vuosaaren toimijoihin, kehitykseen ja maineeseen. Oppilaiden kriittisyys medialähteitä kohtaan kasvoi harjoituksen jälkeen, sillä oppilaiden luottamus medialähteiden antamaan kuvaan Vuosaaresta heikkeni kaikkien muiden osalta luukuunottamatta Helsingin Sanomia. Hyvin antoisan loppukeskustelun aikana syntyi todellista vuorovaikutusta sekä oppilaiden, että oppilaiden ja opettajan välillä. Opetuskokeilun hyödyllisyyden ja mielekkyyden kokemisessa sekä kirjallisessa palautteessa oli kuitenkin eroja Viikin Normaalikoulun ja Helsingin Normaalilyseon välillä. Oppitunnin pitäminen toiseen kertaan onnistui paremmin kuin ensimmäinen, sillä voitiin oppia ensimmäisen kerran kokemusten kautta. Opetuskokeilu kehitti oppilaiden käsityksiä todellisen maailman ja mediavälitteisen maailmankuvan eroista, joka on erityisen tärkeää maantieteellisen tiedon hahmottamisessa. Tutkimusta voidaan näin ollen pitää onnistuneena esimerkkinä kriittisen medialukutaidon soveltamisesta mielikuvien opetukseen maantieteen lukio-opetuksessa. Opetuskokeilu voi toimia innoittajana muille maantieteen opettajille siitä, kuinka kriittinen pedagogiikka ja medialukutaito parhaimmassa tapauksessa innostavat oppilaat mukaan oppimisprosessiin ja kyseenalaistamaan omia käsityksiään sekä tarkastelemaan kriittisesti ympäröivää maailmaa.

Due to global climate change there will be an increase in frequency of extreme temperatures. That will have an effect to species distribution regions. By adding extreme temperatures on a species distribution model based on the basic climatological variables we could improve the understanding of biological effect of climatic variability and extremes. The aim of this study is to develop a species distribution model for arctic-alpine and boreal vascular plant species and examine does the extremes improve predictions. The other question is, does vascular plant species from two different biogeographical distributions responds similarly to bioclimatic variables? A study area (26 000 square kilometre) is located in Northwestern Finland and it belongs to subarctic climate regime. A climate model is produced from the data of 61 climate stations from 1971–2000. Modeling was done with generalized additive model (GAM) by using geographical variables as explanatories (geographical location, elevation, the effect of the Arctic Ocean, lake and mire cover). Total sample of vascular plant species was 1182 of 1x1 km grids. The distribution model was done with three different statistical techniques (GLM, GAM, GBM). First a simple model was modeled with three baseline variables (a temperature of the coldest month, water balance, growing degree days) and then the extreme temperatures were added to compose a full model. The predictive power of the models was tested by calculating the area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic plot (AUC) and the true skill statistic (TSS) for both models. Incorporating the extreme temperatures into the distribution model significantly improved the accuracy of distribution model of the both plant groups. The improvement was small but statistically significant. The relative importance of each predictor variable and the response of each bioclimatic variable to occurrence of species varied between the plant groups. The most significant explanatory variable to explain the arctic-alpine plant distribution is the temperature of the coldest month. The probability of occurrence increase with that variable as well as with water balance which is the second. The third significant variable is mean annual absolute minimum temperature (a negative response). For the boreal species the relative importance of climatic variables is more evenly distributed between predictor variables in the full model. The growing degree day is the most important variable (positive). Water balance (negative) and mean annual absolute maximum temperature (positive) have almost an equal variable importance. The main finding of the study is that the inclusion of extreme temperatures into distribution models of vascular plant species will improve occurrence predictions at the high-latitude study site. Secondly, arctic-alpine and boreal plant species have opposite responses on climate variables that have been used. The results could be solved in the planning of conservation areas and the climate change impact analyses.

The aviation industry has been through tough times in recent years. The industry has experienced several crises and it has also undergone a significant structural change. Still, despite all this, air transportation has grown enormously. The turbulences currently experienced by the air travel industry make it very hard to prognosticate, although there is a real need to anticipate the future. The aim of this thesis is to gain as broad an understanding of the future of the industry as possible, and to determine which global factors are in play. I want to outline four future scenarios that describe the future demands for Helsinki-Vantaa airport. The scenarios need to be based on a broad vision of the development of the factors affecting the industry. I have set three separate goals for my thesis: 1. Create as broad an analysis as possible of the current status of Helsinki-Vantaa Airport 2. At the same time piece together the global factors and foreseeable changes influencing the future of the world, Europe and Finland, and especially Helsinki-Vantaa. 3. Formulate coherent scenarios of what Helsinki-Vantaa Airport and its operational environment might look like in 2030. The most important factors in this study are issues dealing with energy, environment, economy, technology and values. Many special issues related to air transportation industry were also studied such as airline regulation, emissions, fuel predictions and rail transportation. Based on all these factors and their assumed future developments and combining this information with current state of the industry, scenarios were developed. The four different scenarios in this study are 'Continuous climb', 'Localizer established', 'Caution wake turbulence' and 'Spin'. I would like to show that the future is not set in stone, and that it is shaped by decisions and actions (based on relevant information). The scenarios in my thesis are not meant to be precise descriptions of the future in 2030. The future will most likely be a mix of the outlined scenarios, and only parts of them will actually materialize. My intention is not to make accurate predictions. It is to help to introduce new ways of thinking and give examples of how to utilize the outlined scenarios. My thesis would be ideally used in creating long term strategies. In addition, my thesis aims to offer an outsider's view on how Helsinki-Vantaa can be better integrated into the world and how its strengths can be further refined, while also giving advice on how Helsinki-Vantaa can avoid pitfalls and threats and remedy existing weaknesses.

Pro gradu -opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisia käsityksiä lukiolaisilla on planetaarisista ilmiöistä. Aiheesta löytyy paljon tutkimustietoa etenkin peruskoulun puolelta. Myös opettajien käsityksiä on selvitetty, mutta lukioikäisistä on tutkittua tietoa vähemmän. Kaikille tutkimuksille on yhteistä se, että planetaaristen ilmiöiden ymmärtämiseen liittyy paljon väärinkäsityksiä, vaikka aihetta on perinteisesti pidetty helppona kokonaisuutena. Tutkimuksille on myös yhteistä se, että niissä esiintyy samoja virheellisiä malleja iästä ja kansallisuudesta riippumatta. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaisia malleja lukiolaisilla on, ja millaisia tuloksia lukiolaiset saavat muihin verrattuna. Lisäksi pohditaan tekijöitä, jotka ovat väärien käsitysten taustalla. Aineisto (n=67) kerättiin kyselylomakkeella. Kysely teetettiin kolmelle eri lukioryhmälle, joiden oppilaat olivat eri opiskeluvaiheissa. Kysymykset olivat avoimia liittyen muun muassa yön ja päivän vaihteluun, vuodenaikoihin, vuorovesi-ilmiöön ja lämpövyöhykkeiden muodostumiseen. Samoja kysymyksiä on käytetty aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa, mikä helpottaa tulosten vertailua. Aineisto käsiteltiin fenomenografisella tutkimusotteella, ja vastaukset luokiteltiin kategoriatasoihin, joiden perusteella tulokset analysoitiin. Tuloksista käy ilmi, että vaikka vastaustaso oli sama tai hieman parempi kuin peruskoulussa, vain osa lukiolaisista osaa selittää planetaarisuuteen liittyviä ilmiöitä oikein. Vastausten taso huononee ja väärinkäsitysten määrä lisääntyy, kun aika maantieteen ensimmäisen kurssin suorituksesta kasvaa. Lukio-opetus ei korjaa tehokkaasti ajattelun taustalla olevia naiiveja ennakkokäsityksiä, virheellisiä ajatusmalleja ja kognitiivisia rakenteita. Näin ollen oppiminen jää pinnalliseksi ja sirpaleiseksi, tai opetetut asiat tulkitaan jo lähtökohtaisesti väärin. Ajan myötä opetukset unohtuvat ja sulautuvat yhteen aikaisempien ajatusrakenteiden kanssa, mikä saattaa jopa lisätä väärinkäsitysten määrää. Planetaaristen ilmiöiden väärinkäsitysten taustalla on ennakkokäsitysten lisäksi muitakin tekijöitä. Tutkimusten mukaan opettajat voivat opettaa asian virheellisesti, oppikirjojen kuvat ja tekstit voivat edesauttaa väärinkäsitysten syntymistä, tai helppona pidetty aihealue jopa jätetään käsittelemättä. Todellisuudessa planetaarisuus ilmiöineen on vaikea aihe, mikä vaatii syvällistä syy- ja seuraussuhteiden ymmärrystä.

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää lumen levinneisyyteen vaikuttavia ympäristötekijöitä Utsjoen Skállovárrilla. Tuulen tiedetään olevan yksi merkittävimpiä lumen liikuttajia ja kasaajia avoimilla alueilla. Vaihtelevan topografian alueilla myös lumen levinneisyydessä voidaan havaita vaihtelevuutta. Tietynlaisille alueille lunta kasaantuu ja toisilta alueilta lumi erodoituu pois lähes kokonaan. Ympäristötekijät, jotka kirjallisuuden perusteella lumensyvyyden vaihtelevuutta tunturialueella selittävät, ovat tuulen nopeus ja suunta, topografia, suojaisuus tuulelta, rinteen suunta ja kaltevuus, kasvillisuus ja auringon säteilyn määrä. Lumensyvyyden vaihtelun mallintaminen on vaikeaa, koska lumensyvyyteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä on useita. Tietyllä alueella topografia, kasvillisuus ja useimmiten myös tuuliolot säilyvät vuodesta toiseen samankaltaisina, jolloin lumi kasaantuu vuosittain samoille alueille ja lumensyvyyden suhteelliset erot säilyvät samankaltaisina, vaikka lumen absoluuttinen määrä vaihtelisikin. Lumenmäärän vaihtelu erityyppisten alueiden välillä ei ole useinkaan yhden tekijän vaikutusta vaan seurausta usean eri ympäristötekijän ja prosessin erisuuruisesta vaikutuksesta. Syksyllä 2007 tutkimusalueelle pystytettiin 66 lumiasemaa. Jokaisen lumiaseman ympäristö kirjattiin ylös muistiinpanoihin, kuten alueen topografia, mahdollinen rinteen kaltevuus sekä kasvillisuuden tiheys ja korkeus. Lumiasemat valokuvattiin sekä syksyllä, että talvella. Jokaiselle lumiasemalle arvioitiin paikan saaman suojaisuuden määrä COL-asteikolla. Lisäksi jokaiselle lumiasemalle annettiin arvo 1-5 sen mukaan paljonko kasvillisuuden arveltiin paikalla lumensyvyyteen vaikuttavan. Maaliskuun lopulla 2008, lumensyvyyden ollessa suurimmillaan, käytiin lumensyvyydet mittaamassa lumiasemilta. Lumensyvyys saatiin mitattua 60:lta lumiasemalta. Pienimmät lumensyvyydet mitattiin tuulelle alttiina olevilta alueilta ja suurimmat tuulelta suojassa olevilta alueilta. Topografisen alttiuden eli suojaisuuden todettiin määrittävän Skállovárrin lumensyvyyttä ympäristötekijöistä parhaiten tutkittuna talvena. Pearsonin korrelaatioanalyysi osoitti tilastollisesti merkitsevän korrelaation (-0,7***) lumensyvyyden ja suojaisuuden välille (COL). Kasvillisuudella oli myös merkittävä rooli lumensyvyyden vaihtelussa alueilla, joilla oli varpuja tai puita. Tuulelle avoimille alueille, joilla oli kasvillisuutta, akkumuloitui huomattavasti enemmän lunta kuin avoimille kasvittomille alueille. Usein kasvillisuus kuitenkin vaikutti lumensyvyyteen yhdessä suojaisuuden kanssa.